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  • 1 meilleur

    meilleur, e [mεjœʀ]
    1. adjective
       a. (comparatif de bon) better
    • il est meilleur que moi ( = plus doué) he's better than I am (en at ) ; ( = plus charitable) he's a better person than I am
       b. (superlatif de bon) le meilleur, la meilleure the best
    2. adverb
    3. masculine noun, feminine noun
    ( = personne) le meilleur
    4. masculine noun
    ( = partie, chose) le meilleur the best
    • et le meilleur dans tout ça, c'est qu'il avait raison ! and the best bit about it all was that he was right!
    5. feminine noun
    meilleure (inf) ça, c'est la meilleure ! that's the best one yet!
    • tu connais la meilleure ? il n'est même pas venu ! haven't you heard the best bit though? he didn't even come!
    * * *

    1.
    meilleure mɛjœʀ adjectif
    1) ( comparatif) better ( que than)
    2) ( superlatif) best

    au meilleur prix — [acheter] at the lowest price; [vendre] at the highest price


    2.
    nom masculin, féminin

    le meilleur, la meilleure — the best one


    3.
    adverbe better

    4.
    nom masculin

    mange donc la croûte, c'est le meilleur! — eat the crust, it's the best bit!

    et le meilleur c'est que...! — and the best bit of it is that...!

    * * *
    mɛjœʀ meilleur, -e
    1. adj

    Ce serait meilleur avec du fromage râpé. — It would be better with grated cheese.

    Il paraît que le film est meilleur que le livre. — The film is supposed to be better than the book.

    La bière est meilleur marché en France. — Beer is cheaper in France.

    2. adv
    [sentir] better

    Il fait meilleur. — The weather's better.

    J'espère qu'il fera meilleur demain. — I hope the weather will be better tomorrow.

    3. nm

    Je préfère garder le meilleur pour la fin. — I like to keep the best for last.

    4. nf

    C'est elle qui est la meilleure en sport. — She's the best at sport.

    ça, c'est la meilleure! (indignation) — that's a bit rich!, (surprise) that's the best yet!

    * * *
    A adj
    1 ( comparatif) better (que than); cette radio a un son épouvantable, tu devrais en acheter une meilleure the sound on this radio is very bad, you should buy a better one; en attendant des jours meilleurs hoping for better days; il n'y a pas (de) meilleur berger dans toute la région there's no better shepherd in the entire region; jamais il n'avait mangé (de) meilleure choucroute he'd never eaten better sauerkraut;
    2 ( superlatif) best; le meilleur des deux the better of the two; c'est le meilleur de l'équipe he's the best in the team; il se fournit chez les meilleurs grossistes he buys from the best wholesalers; ce sont les meilleurs amis du monde they're the best of friends; ta plaisanterie n'était pas du meilleur goût your joke wasn't in the best of taste; c'est le meilleur des pères he's the best of fathers; c'est sur terre battue qu'il est le meilleur [joueur de tennis] he's at his best on clay; tu ne manges pas la croûte? c'est pourtant ce qu'il y a de meilleur! aren't you going to eat the crust? but it's the best bit!; aubergiste! du vin et du meilleur! innkeeper! some wine, and make it your best!; un petit chapeau du meilleur effet a very stylish little hat; leur disque a reçu le meilleur accueil their record was very well received; au meilleur prix [acheter] at the lowest price; [vendre] at the highest price.
    B nm,f le meilleur, la meilleure the best one; ce sont toujours les meilleurs qui s'en vont it's always the best ones who go first; que le meilleur gagne may the best man win.
    C adv better; ça sent meilleur maintenant it smells better now; il fait meilleur aujourd'hui qu'hier the weather is better today than it was yesterday.
    D nm mange donc la croûte, c'est le meilleur! eat the crust, it's the best bit!; donner le meilleur de soi-même to give of one's best; pour le meilleur et pour le pire for better or for worse; il passe le meilleur de son temps à des niaiseries he spends the best part of his time fooling around; garder le meilleur pour la fin to keep the best bit until the end; prendre le meilleur sur qn to get the better of sb; et le meilleur c'est que la dépanneuse est tombée en panne aussi! and the best bit of it is that the tow truck broke down as well!
    E meilleure nf tu connais la meilleure? have you heard the best one yet?; ça c'est la meilleure! that's the best one yet!; j'en passe et des meilleures! that's the least of it, I could go on!
    tout est pour le mieux dans le meilleur des mondes all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds.
    ( féminin meilleure) [mɛjɶr] adjectif
    il n'y a rien de meilleur, il n'y a pas meilleur there's nothing to beat it, there's nothing better
    a. [de tous] the best
    b. [de deux] the better
    b. [en fin de lettre] best wishes from Cannes
    ————————
    , meilleure [mɛjɶr] nom masculin, nom féminin
    ————————
    nom masculin
    mange-le, c'est le meilleur eat it, it's the best part
    il a donné ou il y a mis le meilleur de lui-même he gave his all, he gave of his best
    et le meilleur de l'histoire, c'est que c'est lui qui m'avait invité and the best part of it is that he's the one who'd invited me
    ————————
    adverbe
    ————————
    meilleure nom féminin
    (familier) [histoire]
    j'en passe, et des meilleures and I could go on

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > meilleur

  • 2 quitar

    v.
    1 to remove.
    quitarle algo a alguien to take something away from somebody
    quita tus cosas de en medio clear your things up (out of the way)
    2 to take away, to relieve.
    María quita los muebles Mary removes the furniture.
    el aperitivo me ha quitado el hambre I don't feel hungry after that snack
    3 to take up (time).
    me quitan mucho tiempo los niños the children take up a lot of my time
    4 to take, to steal.
    me han quitado la cartera someone has taken o stolen my wallet
    5 to switch off.
    6 to eliminate, to suppress, to abstract.
    María quita el reglamento Mary eliminates the rules.
    * * *
    1 (separar) to remove, take off
    2 (sacar) to take off, take out; (prendas) to take off; (tiempo) to take up
    3 (apartar) to take away, take off
    4 (hacer desaparecer) to remove; (dolor) to relieve; (sed) to quench
    ■ si lo comes te quitará el apetito if you eat it, it will spoil your appetite
    5 (despojar) to take; (robar) to steal
    6 (restar) to subtract; (descontar) to take off
    7 (prohibir) to forbid, rule out
    8 (impedir) to prevent
    9 (disminuir) to take away
    10 familiar (radio, agua, etc) to turn off
    1 (desaparecer) to go away, come out
    2 quitarse de (del juego, bebida, etc) to give up
    \
    de quita y pon (que se desprende) removable, detachable 2 (no permanente) temporary
    ¡quita/quítate de ahí! move!, get away!
    quitando... except...
    quitar de delante to clear away
    quitar el hipo figurado to take one's breath away
    quitar el sueño (desvelar) to keep awake 2 (preocupar) to worry
    quitar importancia a algo to play something down
    quitar la mesa to clear the table
    quitar las ganas a alguien to put somebody off
    quitarse algo/a alguien de encima to get rid of something/somebody
    quitarse años figurado to lie about one's age
    quitarse la vida eufemístico to commit suicide 2 (admirar) to admire
    * * *
    verb
    4) rob
    •
    - quitarse a alguien
    - quitarse algo de encima
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=sacar) [gen] to remove; [+ ropa, zapatos] to take off; [+ póster, estantes] to take down

    le quitaron las vendas — they took her bandages off, they removed her bandages

    quitaron las banderas de los balcones — they took the flags down from the balconies, they removed the flags from the balconies

    • quitar la mesa — to clear the table

    2) (=arrebatar) [gen] to take away; [para robar] to take, steal; [+ vida] to take

    le quitaron la cartera en el tren — someone took his wallet on the train, he had his wallet stolen on the train

    • quitar el sitio a algn — to steal sb's place

    3) (=eliminar) [+ mancha] to remove, get rid of; [+ dolor] to relieve, stop; [+ felicidad, ilusión, ganas] to take away; [+ preocupaciones, temores] to allay

    • quitar el hambre, un par de rodajas deben quitar el hambre — a couple of slices should stop you feeling hungry

    no alimenta mucho, pero quita el hambre — it's not very nutritious, but it's filling

    • quitar la sed — to quench one's thirst

    el vino no quita la sed — wine doesn't quench your thirst, wine isn't thirst-quenching

    • quitar el sueño, el café me quita el sueño — coffee stops me sleeping

    4) (=restar)

    eso le quita la razón — that shows he's wrong, that proves him wrong

    • quitar importancia a algo — to play sth down

    • quitando el postre comimos bien — apart o aside from the dessert we had a good meal

    quitando tres o cuatro, van a ir todos — except for three or four (people), everybody is going

    5) (=impedir)

    quitar a algn de hacer algo — to stop o prevent sb (from) doing sth

    6) (Mat) to take away, subtract
    7) [+ golpe] to ward off; (Esgrima) to parry
    8) ** [+ dinero] to make
    2.
    VI

    ¡quita!, ¡quita de ahí! — (=¡aparta!) get out of the way!; (=¡qué va!) get away!, come off it!

    eso no quita —

    eso no quita para que me ayudes — that doesn't stop o prevent you helping me, that doesn't mean you can't help me

    quita
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (apartar, retirar)

    quítalo de aquí! — get o take it out of here!

    quitar la mesa — (Esp) to clear the table; (+ me/te/le etc)

    b) <prenda/anillo> (+ me/te/le etc) to take off
    2) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le quitó la pistola al ladrón — he got o took the gun off the thief

    b) ( privar de)
    c) ( robar)

    me quitaron la cartera del bolsillo — someone took o stole my wallet from my pocket

    3) ( restar) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le quita valor/credibilidad — it detracts from its value/credibility

    4) ( hacer desaparecer) < mancha> to remove, get... out; < dolor> to relieve, get rid of; < sed> to quench; < apetito> to take away; (+ me/te/le etc)
    5) quitando (ger) (fam) except for
    2.
    quitar vi
    1) (Esp fam)

    quita ya! eso no se lo cree nadie! — oh come off it, nobody believes that!

    de quita y pon — <funda/etiqueta> removable

    eso no quita que...: pero eso no quita que se pueda hacer de otra manera but that doesn't mean that there aren't other ways of doing it; ni quitar ni poner (fam): yo aquí ni quito ni pongo I don't count o my opinion doesn't count around here; quien quita y... (Méx fam): quien quita y me saco la lotería maybe I'll even win the lottery; quien quita y lo encontramos — we might still find it

    3.
    quitarse v pron
    1) ( desaparecer) mancha to come out; dolor go (away); viento to die down; (+ me/te/le etc)
    2) (apartarse, retirarse) to get out of the way
    3) (refl)
    a) <prenda/alhaja/maquillaje> to take off
    b) <dolor/resfriado> to get rid of; < miedo> to overcome, get over

    se quita años or la edad — she lies about her age

    quitarse algo DE algo: quítate el dedo de la nariz! stop picking your nose!; quítate las manos de los bolsillos! take your hands out of your pockets!; quitarse algo/a alguien de encima/en medio to get rid of something/somebody; te has quitado veinte años de encima — you look twenty years younger

    * * *
    = remove, take off, take away, strip away, roll back, strip, trim off, strip off, take down, commandeer, get off.
    Ex. Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.
    Ex. Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex. For example, books close to the door and the circulation desk may be intended for the user who merely wishes to make a swift selection of items to take away and read elsewhere.
    Ex. Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex. Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex. Pluto, scorned by astronomers who considered it too dinky and distant, was unceremoniously stripped of its status as a planet Thursday.
    Ex. If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.
    Ex. They gathered a whole sackful, stripped off the husks, and filled the sack again.
    Ex. State officials urge people to take down bird feeders after recent reports of sick and dead birds, according to a news release.
    Ex. He was left without a scratch and pursued the shooter on foot until the gunman commandeered a passing car.
    Ex. The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.
    ----
    * de quita y pon = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up, removable.
    * hablar a calzón quitado = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * hasta el cuarenta de mayo no te quites el sayo = cast no clout till May is out.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * pala de quitar nieve = snow shovel.
    * pala para quitar nieve = snow shovel.
    * poner y quitar = get on and off.
    * que se puede quitar = detachable, removable.
    * quita o pon = give or take.
    * quitar Algo = take + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + hands.
    * quitar con pala = shovel.
    * quitar con un cepillo = brush away.
    * quitar con un golpe = knock off.
    * quitar de las manos = snap up.
    * quitar el deseo = suffocate + desire.
    * quitar el estigma = destigmatise [destigmatize, -USA].
    * quitar el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * quitar el mérito a Algo = belittle.
    * quitar el poder = disempower.
    * quitar el polvo = dust.
    * quitar el sufijo a una palabra = strip + suffix.
    * quitar el valor = render + valueless.
    * quitar frotando = rub off, rub.
    * quitar importancia = de-emphasise [de-emphasize, -USA], understate, trivialise [trivialize, -USA], minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * quitar la credibilidad = destroy + credence.
    * quitar la humedad = dehumidify.
    * quitar la idea = wipe away + idea.
    * quitar la marca = unmark.
    * quitar la mesa = clear away + the things, clear + the table.
    * quitar las escamas = scale.
    * quitar las ganas de = kill + the momentum.
    * quitar las telarañas = dust off + the cobwebs.
    * quitarle el sentido = render + meaningless.
    * quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * quitarle mérito = obscure + fact.
    * quitar mérito = detract from.
    * quitar pintura mediante chorro de arena a presión = sandblast.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * quitarse = take off, doff, take off.
    * quitarse a Alguien de encima = keep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + back, get + Nombre + off + Posesivo + back.
    * quitarse de encima = shake off.
    * quitarse de en medio = take + Nombre + out.
    * quitarse del medio = run for + cover.
    * quitarse el sombrero ante = hats off to + Nombre, take + Posesivo + hat off to.
    * quitar(se) la ropa = undress.
    * quitarse la vida = take + Posesivo + (own) life.
    * quitársele a Uno las ganas = put off.
    * quitarse una mala reputación = clean up + bad reputation.
    * quitarse un (buen) peso de encima = get + a (real) weight off + Posesivo + chest.
    * quitarse un peso de encima = take + a weight off + Posesivo + mind, take + a load off + Posesivo + mind.
    * quitar una preocupación = allay + concern.
    * quitar un peso de encima = remove + burden from shoulders.
    * quitar un peso de encima a Alguien = lift + a weight off + Posesivo + shoulders.
    * quitar valor = devalue, deflate.
    * tener + que quitarse el sombrero = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * ya lo quitas, ya lo pones = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) (apartar, retirar)

    quítalo de aquí! — get o take it out of here!

    quitar la mesa — (Esp) to clear the table; (+ me/te/le etc)

    b) <prenda/anillo> (+ me/te/le etc) to take off
    2) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le quitó la pistola al ladrón — he got o took the gun off the thief

    b) ( privar de)
    c) ( robar)

    me quitaron la cartera del bolsillo — someone took o stole my wallet from my pocket

    3) ( restar) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le quita valor/credibilidad — it detracts from its value/credibility

    4) ( hacer desaparecer) < mancha> to remove, get... out; < dolor> to relieve, get rid of; < sed> to quench; < apetito> to take away; (+ me/te/le etc)
    5) quitando (ger) (fam) except for
    2.
    quitar vi
    1) (Esp fam)

    quita ya! eso no se lo cree nadie! — oh come off it, nobody believes that!

    de quita y pon — <funda/etiqueta> removable

    eso no quita que...: pero eso no quita que se pueda hacer de otra manera but that doesn't mean that there aren't other ways of doing it; ni quitar ni poner (fam): yo aquí ni quito ni pongo I don't count o my opinion doesn't count around here; quien quita y... (Méx fam): quien quita y me saco la lotería maybe I'll even win the lottery; quien quita y lo encontramos — we might still find it

    3.
    quitarse v pron
    1) ( desaparecer) mancha to come out; dolor go (away); viento to die down; (+ me/te/le etc)
    2) (apartarse, retirarse) to get out of the way
    3) (refl)
    a) <prenda/alhaja/maquillaje> to take off
    b) <dolor/resfriado> to get rid of; < miedo> to overcome, get over

    se quita años or la edad — she lies about her age

    quitarse algo DE algo: quítate el dedo de la nariz! stop picking your nose!; quítate las manos de los bolsillos! take your hands out of your pockets!; quitarse algo/a alguien de encima/en medio to get rid of something/somebody; te has quitado veinte años de encima — you look twenty years younger

    * * *
    = remove, take off, take away, strip away, roll back, strip, trim off, strip off, take down, commandeer, get off.

    Ex: Folders allow a set of papers to be kept together when a set on a given topic is removed from the file.

    Ex: Meek took her glasses off and twiddled them as her supervisor related the following incident.
    Ex: For example, books close to the door and the circulation desk may be intended for the user who merely wishes to make a swift selection of items to take away and read elsewhere.
    Ex: Like its predecessor, it wants to strip away the sentimentality surrounding male-female relationships and reveal the ugly, unvarnished truth.
    Ex: Some Russia specialists say President Putin is rolling back liberal economic and political reforms ushered in by his predecessor.
    Ex: Pluto, scorned by astronomers who considered it too dinky and distant, was unceremoniously stripped of its status as a planet Thursday.
    Ex: If you repeatedly deadhead - trim off the spent flowers - the plant goes into overdrive.
    Ex: They gathered a whole sackful, stripped off the husks, and filled the sack again.
    Ex: State officials urge people to take down bird feeders after recent reports of sick and dead birds, according to a news release.
    Ex: He was left without a scratch and pursued the shooter on foot until the gunman commandeered a passing car.
    Ex: The full-length, two-direction zipper makes it easy to get on and off, and the bottom is easy to unzip for diaper changes.
    * de quita y pon = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up, removable.
    * hablar a calzón quitado = lay + Posesivo + cards on the table, put + Posesivo + cards on the table.
    * hasta el cuarenta de mayo no te quites el sayo = cast no clout till May is out.
    * no poder quitarse Algo de la cabeza = can't get it out of my mind.
    * pala de quitar nieve = snow shovel.
    * pala para quitar nieve = snow shovel.
    * poner y quitar = get on and off.
    * que se puede quitar = detachable, removable.
    * quita o pon = give or take.
    * quitar Algo = take + Nombre + out of + Posesivo + hands.
    * quitar con pala = shovel.
    * quitar con un cepillo = brush away.
    * quitar con un golpe = knock off.
    * quitar de las manos = snap up.
    * quitar el deseo = suffocate + desire.
    * quitar el estigma = destigmatise [destigmatize, -USA].
    * quitar el interés = take + the shine off things.
    * quitar el mérito a Algo = belittle.
    * quitar el poder = disempower.
    * quitar el polvo = dust.
    * quitar el sufijo a una palabra = strip + suffix.
    * quitar el valor = render + valueless.
    * quitar frotando = rub off, rub.
    * quitar importancia = de-emphasise [de-emphasize, -USA], understate, trivialise [trivialize, -USA], minimise + importance, downplay, gloss over, negate, soft-pedal.
    * quitar importancia a un problema = trivialise + trouble.
    * quitar la credibilidad = destroy + credence.
    * quitar la humedad = dehumidify.
    * quitar la idea = wipe away + idea.
    * quitar la marca = unmark.
    * quitar la mesa = clear away + the things, clear + the table.
    * quitar las escamas = scale.
    * quitar las ganas de = kill + the momentum.
    * quitar las telarañas = dust off + the cobwebs.
    * quitarle el sentido = render + meaningless.
    * quitarle importancia a las cosas = make + light of things.
    * quitarle mérito = obscure + fact.
    * quitar mérito = detract from.
    * quitar pintura mediante chorro de arena a presión = sandblast.
    * quitar puestos de trabajo = shed + jobs, axe + jobs, cut + jobs.
    * quitarse = take off, doff, take off.
    * quitarse a Alguien de encima = keep + Nombre + off + Posesivo + back, get + Nombre + off + Posesivo + back.
    * quitarse de encima = shake off.
    * quitarse de en medio = take + Nombre + out.
    * quitarse del medio = run for + cover.
    * quitarse el sombrero ante = hats off to + Nombre, take + Posesivo + hat off to.
    * quitar(se) la ropa = undress.
    * quitarse la vida = take + Posesivo + (own) life.
    * quitársele a Uno las ganas = put off.
    * quitarse una mala reputación = clean up + bad reputation.
    * quitarse un (buen) peso de encima = get + a (real) weight off + Posesivo + chest.
    * quitarse un peso de encima = take + a weight off + Posesivo + mind, take + a load off + Posesivo + mind.
    * quitar una preocupación = allay + concern.
    * quitar un peso de encima = remove + burden from shoulders.
    * quitar un peso de encima a Alguien = lift + a weight off + Posesivo + shoulders.
    * quitar valor = devalue, deflate.
    * tener + que quitarse el sombrero = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * ya lo quitas, ya lo pones = burn-'em-down-build-'em-up.

    * * *
    quitar [A1 ]
    vt
    A
    1
    (apartar, retirar): ¡quita esa silla de en medio! get that chair out of the way!
    quita tus cosas de mi escritorio take o get your things off my desk
    quitó todos los obstáculos de mi camino he removed all the obstacles from my path
    quitar la mesa ( Esp); to clear the table
    (+ me/te/le etc): ¡quítame las manos de encima! take o get your hands off me!
    le quitó la piel al pollo he skinned the chicken
    me quitó una pelusa del hombro she picked a bit of fluff off my shoulder
    no le puedo quitar la tapa I can't get the top off
    2 ‹prenda/anillo› (+ me/te/le etc) to take off
    quítale los zapatos take his shoes off
    B ‹juguete/dinero› (+ me/te/le etc):
    le quité el cuchillo I took the knife (away) from her
    la policía le quitó el pasaporte the police took his passport away
    me quitaron la cartera del bolsillo someone took o stole my wallet from my pocket
    le quitó la pistola al ladrón he got o took the gun off the thief
    se lo quitó de un manotazo she swiped it out of his hand
    C (restar) (+ me/te/le etc):
    quítale 26 a 84 take 26 away from 84
    no me quites autoridad delante de los niños don't undermine my authority in front of the children
    los niños me quitan mucho tiempo the children take up a lot of my time
    no es que quiera quitarte la razón pero … I'm not saying you're wrong but …
    no le quites méritos give him his due
    ese peinado te quita años that hairstyle takes years off you
    hay que quitarle un poco de ancho it needs to be taken in a bit
    trataba de quitarle importancia al asunto he tried to play the matter down
    le quita valor a la casa it detracts from the value of the house
    D (hacer desaparecer) ‹mancha› to remove, get … out; ‹dolor› to relieve, get rid of
    (+ me/te/le etc): te quita el hambre pero no te alimenta it stops you feeling hungry but it isn't very nourishing
    te voy a quitar las ganas de volver a mentirme when I've finished with you, you'll think twice about lying to me again
    a ver si le quitas esa idea de la cabeza why don't you try to get that idea out of his head?
    E ( fam) (prohibir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    el médico me ha quitado la sal/el vino the doctor's told me I mustn't have any salt on my food/I mustn't drink wine
    F quitando ger ( fam) except for
    quitando a los más chicos todos pueden entrar they can all go in except for the very youngest ones
    quitando que tuvimos que esperar mucho rato apart from the fact that we had to wait a long time
    ■ quitar
    vi
    A
    ( Esp fam): ¡quita (de ahí)! get out of the way!
    ¡quita ya! ¡eso no se lo cree nadie! oh come off it, nobody believes that!
    B ( en locs):
    de quita y pon ‹funda/etiqueta› removable
    tiene una capucha de quita y pon it has a detachable hood
    una fe de quita y pon ( iró); a very flexible o convenient sort of faith ( iro)
    eso no quita que …: yo lo hago así, eso no quita que se pueda hacer de otra manera I do it like this but that doesn't mean that there aren't other ways of doing it
    ni quitar ni poner ( fam): pregúntaselo a él, yo aquí ni quito ni pongo ask him about it, I don't count o my opinion doesn't count around here
    en ese asunto él ni quita ni pone he doesn't have any say in that matter
    quien quita y … ( Méx fam): quien quita y me lo regrese pronto I hope she brings it back soon
    A (desaparecer) «mancha» to come out; «dolor» to go, go away; «viento» to die down
    (+ me/te/le etc): no hay forma de que se me quite este dolor de cabeza I just can't get rid of this headache
    ya se me han quitado las ganas de ir I don't feel like going any more
    B (apartarse, retirarse) to get out of the way
    ¡quítate de mi vista! get out of my sight!
    he vendido el negocio, quiero quitarme de problemas I've sold the business, I want to be rid of all this trouble o ( colloq) to be shot of all this hassle
    C ( refl)
    1 ‹prenda/alhaja/maquillaje› to take off
    quítate la chaqueta take your jacket off
    2 (deshacerse de) ‹dolor› to get rid of
    se quitaban el frío saltando they jumped up and down to warm themselves up o to get warm
    me tengo que quitar este miedo ridículo a los aviones I have to overcome o get over this ridiculous fear of flying
    3 (retirar) quitarse algo DE algo:
    me tuve que quitar una pestaña del ojo I had to get an eyelash out of my eye
    ¡quítate el dedo de la nariz! stop picking your nose!
    ¡quítate las manos de los bolsillos! take your hands out of your pockets!
    quitarse a algn de en medio to get rid of sb
    4 ‹años›
    te has quitado veinte años de encima you look twenty years younger
    se quita años or la edad she lies about her age
    * * *

     

    quitar ( conjugate quitar) verbo transitivo
    1 (apartar, retirar):
    ◊ ¡quítalo de aquí! get it out of here!;

    quité la silla de en medio I got the chair out of the way;
    quita tus cosas de mi escritorio take your things off my desk;
    quitar la mesa (Esp) to clear the table;
    ¡quítame las manos de encima! take your hands off me!;
    no le puedo quitar la tapa I can't get the top off;
    le quitó los zapatos she took his shoes off
    2 (+ me/te/le etc)

    ◊ le quitó la pistola al ladrón he got o took the gun off the thief;

    le quité el cuchillo I took the knife (away) from her
    b) ( privar de) ‹pasaporte/carnet de conducir› to take away

    c) ‹cartera/dinero› to take, steal;

    ‹asiento/lugar› to take
    3 ( restar) (+ me/te/le etc):

    quitarle años a algn to take years off sb;
    quitarle importancia a algo to play sth down;
    le quita valor it detracts from its value
    4 ( hacer desaparecer) ‹ mancha› to remove, get … out;
    ‹ dolor› to relieve, get rid of;
    ‹ sed› to quench;
    ‹ apetito› to take away;
    (+ me/te/le etc)

    hay que quitarle esa idea de la cabeza we must get that idea out of his head
    5
    ◊ quitando ( ger) (fam) except for

    verbo intransitivo
    1 (Esp fam):
    ◊ ¡quita (de ahí)! get out of the way!

    2 ( en locs)
    ◊ de quita y pon ‹funda/etiqueta› removable;

    eso no quita que … that doesn't mean that …
    quitarse verbo pronominal
    1 ( desaparecer) [ mancha] to come out;
    [ dolor] to go (away);

    2 (apartarse, retirarse) to get out of the way;
    ◊ ¡quítate de mi vista! get out of my sight!

    3 ( refl)
    a) ‹prenda/alhaja/maquillaje› to take off

    b) ‹dolor/resfriado› to get rid of;

    ‹ miedo› to overcome, get over;

    quitarse algo/a algn de encima to get rid of sth/sb
    quitar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (retirar, separar) to remove: quita todas esas cajas de aquí, get all those boxes out of here
    quitar la mesa, to clear the table
    2 (ropa, gafas, etc) to take off
    3 (eliminar) (la sed) to quench
    (el hambre) to take away: el té me quita el sueño, tea keeps me awake
    4 (una mancha) to remove, get out
    5 (el dolor) to relieve
    6 (arrebatar, privar de) le quitó el lápiz, he took the pencil away from him
    nos quitaron el asiento, they took our seats
    (robar) to steal
    7 Mat (restar) to substract
    figurado quitar importancia a algo, to play sthg down
    figurado quitar las ganas a alguien, to put sb off
    figurado le quita mucho tiempo, it takes up a lot of her time
    II verbo intransitivo ¡quita!, get away
    ♦ Locuciones: de quita y pon, removable
    fam (excepción hecha de) quitando, except for
    ' quitar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aclarar
    - aligerar
    - allanar
    - careta
    - desenmascarar
    - desollar
    - despejar
    - despepitar
    - despintar
    - despuntar
    - hipo
    - restar
    - sueño
    - truco
    - alisar
    - arrebatar
    - aspereza
    - coger
    - cortar
    - desarmar
    - descuidar
    - espabilar
    - espátula
    - mancha
    - manchar
    - minimizar
    - polvo
    - retirar
    - sacar
    - soplete
    English:
    bleach
    - bone
    - brush off
    - clear
    - clear away
    - clutter
    - de-ice
    - discourage
    - dust
    - fillet
    - flick
    - from
    - get off
    - get out
    - graffiti
    - mess
    - peel off
    - play down
    - pull off
    - push off
    - removable
    - remove
    - scrub away
    - scrub off
    - shift
    - snatch
    - spoil
    - strip
    - strip off
    - sweat off
    - table
    - take
    - take away
    - take off
    - take out
    - trim
    - upstage
    - wash away
    - wash off
    - wash out
    - whatsit
    - whip off
    - wipe off
    - wrestle
    - brush
    - clean
    - detach
    - detachable
    - dull
    - get
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [retirar, extraer, apartar] to remove;
    [ropa, zapatos] to take off; Esp
    quitar la mesa [despejar] to clear the table;
    al quitar la tapa de la olla salió un delicioso olor when she took the lid off the pot, a delicious smell came out;
    le han quitado un tumor del pecho they've removed a tumour from her breast;
    quita tus cosas de la cama take your things off the bed;
    quita tus cosas de en medio clear your things up (out of the way);
    voy a quitar el polvo de los muebles I'm going to dust the furniture;
    quitarle algo a alguien [arrebatar, privar de] to take sth away from sb;
    me quitó la carta de las manos she took the letter from my hands;
    durante la guerra le quitaron la casa they took her house away from her during the war;
    le han quitado la custodia de los niños they've taken away custody of the children from her;
    eso fue lo que dijo, sin quitar ni poner nada that's what he said, word for word;
    por un quítame allá esas pajas for no reason, over nothing;
    Méx
    no quitar el dedo del renglón to keep coming back to the same point
    2. [eliminar, suprimir] to remove;
    quité la mancha con jabón I removed the stain o got the stain out with soap;
    han quitado mi programa favorito de la tele they've taken my favourite programme off the TV;
    ese ministerio lo han quitado they've done away with o got rid of that ministry;
    el médico me ha quitado el tabaco [prohibido] the doctor has told me to stop smoking
    3. [robar] to take, to steal;
    me han quitado la cartera someone has taken o stolen my wallet;
    le quitaron el puesto they've taken his job away from him
    4. [mitigar del todo] [dolor, ansiedad] to take away, to relieve;
    [sed] to quench;
    el aperitivo me ha quitado el hambre I don't feel hungry after that snack
    5. [ocupar] [tiempo, espacio] to take up;
    me quitan mucho tiempo los niños the children take up a lot of my time;
    el trabajo me quita tiempo para el deporte my job doesn't leave me much time for sport;
    el armario va a quitar mucho sitio ahí the wardrobe's going to take up a lot of space there
    6. [restar] to take away;
    a esa cifra quítale el 20 por ciento take away 20 percent from that figure;
    no quiero quitar mérito o [m5] valor a lo que ha hecho I don't want to take away from o detract from what she has done;
    7. [impedir]
    esto no quita que sea un vago that doesn't change the fact that he's a layabout;
    que me mude de ciudad no quita que nos sigamos viendo just because I'm moving to another city doesn't mean we won't still be able to see each other
    8. [exceptuar]
    quitando el queso, me gusta todo apart from cheese, I like everything
    9. [desconectar] [aparato] to switch off;
    quita el gas antes de salir turn the gas off before leaving
    ♦ vi
    1. [apartarse] to get out of the way;
    ¡quita (de ahí), que no veo! get out of the way, I can't see!
    2.
    de quita y pon [asa, tapa, capucha] removable
    3. Fam [expresando incredulidad]
    ¡quita!, ¡quite! don't talk rubbish!;
    ¿casarme yo? ¡quita, quita, estoy muy bien como estoy! me, get married? you must be joking, I'm quite happy as I am!;
    ¡quita, yo no me lo creo! pull the other one o come off it, you don't expect me to believe that, do you?
    * * *
    I v/t ropa take off, remove; obstáculos remove;
    quitar algo a alguien take sth (away) from s.o.;
    quitar la mesa clear the table;
    de quita y pon fam removable
    II v/i
    :
    ¡quita! get out of the way!
    * * *
    quitar vt
    1) : to remove, to take away
    2) : to take off (clothes)
    3) : to get rid of, to relieve
    * * *
    quitar vb
    1. (en general) to take off [pt. took; pp. taken] / to take down
    2. (eliminar manchas) to get out / to remove
    3. (robar cartera, dinero) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]
    ¿quién me ha cogido el lápiz? who's taken my pencil?
    ¡quita! / ¡quita de ahí! get out of the way!

    Spanish-English dictionary > quitar

  • 3 setzen

    I v/t (hat gesetzt)
    1. allg. (hintun) put; (bes. Dinge) auch place; (jemanden) auch sit; (pflanzen) plant; (Mast) put up; (stapeln) (Holz, Briketts) pile up; (Denkmal) erect, set up ( jemandem to s.o.); (Ofen) put in, fix; (Segel) set; beim Brettspiel: (Figur) move; Fische in einen Teich setzen put fish in a pond; an Land setzen put ashore; jemanden über den Fluss setzen take s.o. across the river; an die Lippen setzen raise to one’s lips; keinen Fuß mehr vor die Tür setzen never again set foot outside; auf den Topf setzen (Kind) put on the potty; einen Wagen an die Mauer setzen umg. drive a car into a wall; unter Wasser setzen submerge; (mit Wasser füllen) flood
    2. (Satzzeichen) put (in); seine Unterschrift setzen unter (+ Akk) put one’s signature to, sign; jemanden auf eine Liste setzen put s.o. ( oder s.o.’s name) (down) on a list; auf jemandes Rechnung setzen charge to s.o.’s account; etw. in die Zeitung setzen put s.th. in the paper
    3. bei Wetten: bet, place ( auf + Akk on)
    4. (beauftragen) jemanden an eine Arbeit setzen set s.o. to work on a job; daran werden wir unsere Computerfachleute setzen we’ll get our computer specialists onto that
    5. (investieren) Arbeit, Geld setzen in (+ Akk) put into; viel Arbeit / Zeit in etw. setzen put a lot of work into s.th. / spend a lot of time on s.th.
    6. Gerüchte in die Welt setzen spread rumo(u)rs; ein Gedicht in Musik setzen set a poem to music
    7. (festlegen) Frist, Grenze, Priorität, Ziel etc.: set; jemandem ein Ziel setzen set s.o. a target
    8. SPORT (jemanden) seed; beim Turnier sind die besten Spieler gesetzt the best players in the tournament are seeded; viele Gesetzte sind schon ausgeschieden many seeded players ( oder seeds) have already gone out
    9. jemanden über jemanden setzen fig. (höher einschätzen) think more (highly) of s.o. than of s.o.; (befördern) promote s.o. above s.o.; Druck1 2, Erstaunen, Freiheit, Frist etc.; siehe auch gesetzt
    10. DRUCK. set
    11. Jägerspr. (Junge) give birth to
    12. unpers., umg.: gleich setzt es was I can see trouble coming; drohend: you just watch your step; sonst setzt es was! otherwise you’ll get it in the neck; es hat mal wieder Prügel gesetzt we got more smacks again
    II v/refl (hat)
    1. sit down; sich auf einen Ast setzen Vogel: land ( oder alight) on a branch; sich zu jemandem setzen sit down beside s.o.; darf ich mich zu Ihnen setzen? may I join you?; sich ans Fenster setzen sit down at ( oder by, next to) the window; sich aufs Pferd setzen mount a horse; setzen Sie sich! sit down!, take ( oder have) a seat!; setzen! Schule: sit down!
    2. sich vor jemanden setzen Auto, Fahrer: cut in on ( oder in front of) s.o.; sich an die Arbeit setzen set to work
    3. fig. (sich senken) sink; Bodensatz, Schaum, Staub: settle; das muss sich erst setzen umg., fig. (Lernstoff etc.) it has to sink in
    III v/i
    1. (ist): setzen über (+ Akk) jump over; über eine Hürde / einen Graben setzen auch clear a hurdle / take a ditch; 'übersetzen2 II
    2. (hat) bei Wetten: place one’s bet; setzen auf (+ Akk) bet on, back; ich setze auf ihn! he’s my man
    * * *
    (Druck vorbereiten) to typeset; to set;
    (hinsetzen) to sit; to seat; to lay; to put;
    (hinstellen) to set;
    (pflanzen) to set; to plant;
    (platzieren) to place;
    sich setzen
    to take a seat; to be seated; to seat; to perch; to subside; to sit down
    * * *
    sẹt|zen ['zɛtsn]
    1. vt
    1) (= hintun, hinbringen) to put, to place, to set; (= sitzen lassen) to sit, to place, to put

    etw auf die Rechnung/Speisekarte etc setzen — to put sth on the bill/menu etc

    etw an den Mund/die Lippen setzen — to put sth to one's mouth/lips

    jdn über jemanden anders/andere setzen — to put or set sb above somebody else/others

    seine Hoffnung/sein Vertrauen in jdn/etw setzen — to put or place one's hopes/trust in sb/sth

    setzen —

    See:
    → Druck
    2) (HORT = pflanzen) to set, to plant; (= aufziehen) Ständer, Laternen to put up; (NAUT ) Segel to set; (TYP) to set; (geh = formulieren) Worte to choose

    ein Gedicht/einen Text in Musik setzen — to set a poem/words to music

    3) Preis, Summe to put (
    auf +acc onbei Gesellschaftsspielen = spielen, ziehen) Stein, Figur to move

    auf seinen Kopf sind 100.000 Dollar gesetzt — there's 100,000 dollars on his head

    4) (= errichten, aufstellen) to build; Denkmal auch to erect, to put or set up; (fig ) Norm etc to set

    jdm ein Grabmal/Denkmal setzen — to put or set up or build a monument to sb

    5) (= schreiben) Komma, Punkt to put
    6) (= bestimmen) Ziel, Grenze, Termin, Preis, Prioritäten etc to set

    jdm/sich ein Ziel/eine Frist setzen —

    7)
    8) (= einstufen) Sportler to place; (TENNIS) to seed

    sie wurde auf Platz zwei gesetzt — she was placed/seeded second

    der an Nummer eins/zwei gesetzte Spieler (Tennis) — the top/second seed, the top-seeded/second-seeded player

    9) (HUNT = gebären) to bear, to produce
    10)
    See:
    2. vr
    1) (= Platz nehmen) to sit down; (Vogel) to perch, to alight

    sich auf einen Stuhl/seinen Platz setzen — to sit down on a chair/at one's place

    sich in die Sonne/ins Licht setzen — to sit in the sun/light

    bitte setzen Sie sich — please sit down, please take a seat, please be seated (form)

    2) (Kaffee, Tee, Lösung) to settle
    3) (=sich festsetzen Staub, Geruch, Läuse) to get (
    in +acc into)
    3. vi
    1) (bei Glücksspiel, Wetten) to bet

    auf jdn/etw setzen (lit, fig) — to put one's money on sb/sth, to back sb/sth

    hoch/niedrig setzen — to play for high/low stakes

    2) (TYP) to set
    3) (= springen) (Pferd, Läufer) to jump; (MIL) to cross

    über einen Graben/Zaun/ein Hindernis setzen — to jump (over) or clear a ditch/fence/hurdle

    * * *
    1) set
    2) (to put, or be, in a high seat or position: He perched the child on his shoulder; They perched on the fence.) perch
    4) (to cause to sit down: I seated him in the armchair.) seat
    5) (to bet or risk (money or something of value): I'm going to stake $5 on that horse.) stake
    * * *
    set·zen
    [ˈzɛtsn̩]
    I. vt Hilfsverb: haben
    1. (a. fig: platzieren)
    ▪ jdn/etw irgendwohin \setzen to put [or place] sb/sth somewhere
    ein Kind jdm auf den Schoß \setzen to put [or sit] a child on sb's lap
    den Topf auf den Herd \setzen to place the pot on the stove
    das Glas an den Mund \setzen to put the glass to one's lips
    einen Hund auf eine Fährte \setzen to put a dog on a trail
    seinen Ehrgeiz in etw akk \setzen to make sth one's goal
    eine Figur/einen Stein \setzen to move piece/man
    seine Hoffnung/sein Vertrauen in [o auf] jdn \setzen to put [or pin] one's hopes/trust on sb
    sein Leben an etw akk \setzen to devote one's life to sth
    ein Schiff auf Grund \setzen to run a ship aground; s.a. Fuß, Land
    ▪ etw \setzen to put sth
    ein Gericht auf die Speisekarte \setzen to put a dish on the menu
    ein Komma/einen Punkt [falsch] \setzen to put a full stop/comma [in the wrong place]
    jdn auf die Liste \setzen to put sb on the list
    seinen Namen/seine Unterschrift unter etw akk \setzen to put one's signature to sth, to sign sth
    etw auf die Rechnung \setzen to put sth on the bill
    ein Stück auf den Spielplan \setzen to put on a play
    etw in die Zeitung \setzen to put sth in the paper; s.a. Tagesordnung
    ▪ etw \setzen to set sth
    etw dat ein Ende \setzen to put a stop to sth
    jdm/sich eine Frist \setzen to set sb/oneself a deadline
    jdm/etw Grenzen \setzen to set limits for sb/sth
    etw dat Schranken \setzen to keep sth within limits
    sich dat ein Ziel \setzen to set oneself a goal; s.a. Akzent, Fall, Priorität, Zeichen
    etw in/außer Betrieb setzen Maschine etc. to start sth up/stop sth; Lift etc. to put sth into operation/take sth out of service; (ein-/ausschalten) to switch sth on/off
    jdn auf Diät \setzen to put sb on a diet
    jdn in Erstaunen setzen to astonish sb
    ein Gedicht/einen Text in Musik setzen to set a poem/words to music; s.a. Fuß, Szene, Trab, Umlauf
    ▪ etw \setzen to set [or put] up sth, to build sth
    [jdm] ein Denkmal \setzen to set [or put] up [or build] a monument [to sb]
    einen Mast \setzen to put up a mast
    eine Norm \setzen to set a norm
    die Segel \setzen to set the sails
    ▪ etw [auf jdn/etw] \setzen to put [or place] [or stake] sth [on sb/sth]
    auf seinen Kopf sind 200.000 Dollar gesetzt there's 200,000 dollars on his head
    Geld auf jdn/etw \setzen to stake [or put] money on sb/sth
    ein Pfand \setzen to pledge sth
    auf ein Pferd \setzen to place a bet on a horse
    jdn auf den 1./2./3. Platz \setzen to seed sb first/second/third
    die auf Platz 1 gesetzte Spielerin the no. 1 seeded player
    8. TYPO
    ▪ etw \setzen to set sth
    ein Manuskript \setzen to set a manuscript
    9. BIOL, HORT (pflanzen)
    ▪ etw \setzen to plant [or set] sth
    Kartoffeln/Tomaten \setzen to plant potatoes/tomatoes
    Fische in einen Teich \setzen to stock a pond with fish
    10. (sl: spritzen)
    ▪ etw \setzen to inject [or sl shoot] sth
    sich dat Heroin \setzen to shoot Heroin
    sich dat einen Schuss \setzen (fam) to shoot up fam
    jdm/sich eine Spritze \setzen to give sb/oneself an injection
    Junge \setzen to produce offspring
    12.
    ▶ es setzt gleich was! (fam) there'll be trouble!
    ▶ sich dat etw in den Kopf \setzen to take sth into one's head
    II. vr Hilfsverb: haben
    ▪ sich akk \setzen to sit [down]; Vogel to perch, to alight
    bitte \setzen Sie sich [doch]! please sit down!
    setz dich! take a seat!; (zu einem Hund) sit!
    ▪ sich akk zu jdm \setzen to sit next to sb
    wollen Sie sich nicht zu uns \setzen? won't you join us?
    darf ich mich zu Ihnen \setzen? may I join you?
    sich akk ins Auto \setzen to get into the car
    sich akk aufs Sofa/in den Sessel \setzen to sit on the sofa/in the chair
    sich akk an den Tisch [o zu Tisch] \setzen to sit [down] at the table
    sich akk in die Sonne \setzen to sit in the sun
    sich akk jdm auf den Schoß \setzen to sit on sb's lap
    ▪ sich akk \setzen Kaffee, Lösung, Teeblätter to settle; Sedimente to sink to the bottom
    langsam setzt sich der Kaffeesatz the coffee grounds are slowly settling
    3. (dringen) to get into
    der Geruch/Rauch/Staub setzt sich in die Kleider the smell/smoke/dust gets into your clothes
    sich akk mit jdm ins Einvernehmen \setzen to come to an agreement with sb; s.a. Spitze, Unrecht, Verbindung, Wehr
    III. vi
    1. Hilfsverb: haben (wetten)
    ▪ auf jdn/etw \setzen to bet on sb/sth, to put one's money on sb/sth, to back sb/sth
    hoch/niedrig \setzen to play for high/low stakes
    auf ein Pferd \setzen to place a bet on a horse
    2. Hilfsverb: haben TYPO to set
    3. Hilfsverb: haben (sich auf jdn verlassen)
    ▪ auf jdn/etw \setzen to rely on sb/sth
    4. Hilfsverb: sein o haben (springen)
    ▪ über etw akk \setzen Pferd, Läufer to jump over sth
    über einen Graben/ein Hindernis/einen Zaun \setzen to jump [over] or clear a ditch/hurdle/fence
    5. Hilfsverb: sein o haben (überschiffen)
    über einen Fluss \setzen to cross a river
    6. Hilfsverb: haben JAGD (gebären) to give birth
    * * *
    1.
    1) (hinsetzen) sit [down]

    setz dich/setzt euch/setzen Sie sich — sit down; take a seat

    sich aufs Sofa usw. setzen — sit on the sofa etc.

    sich zu jemandem setzen — [go and] sit with somebody; join somebody

    2) (sinken) <coffee, solution, froth, etc.> settle; < sediment> sink to the bottom
    3) (in präp. Verbindungen)
    2.

    eine Figur/einen Stein setzen — move a piece/man

    2) (einpflanzen) plant <tomatoes, potatoes, etc.>
    3) (aufziehen) hoist <flag etc.>; set <sails, navigation lights>
    4) (Druckw.) set <manuscript etc.>
    5) (schreiben) put <name, address, comma, etc.>

    seinen Namen unter etwas (Akk.) setzen — put one's signature to something; sign something

    6) (in präp. Verbindungen)

    in/außer Betrieb setzen — start up/stop <machine etc.>; put <lift etc.> into operation/take <lift etc.> out of service; (ein-/ausschalten) switch on/off

    7) (aufstellen) put up, build < stove>; stack <logs, bricks>
    8)

    sein Geld auf etwas (Akk.) setzen — put one's money on something; s. auch Akzente; Ende

    9) (ugs.)

    es setzt was od. Prügel od. Hiebe — he/she etc. gets a hiding (coll.) or thrashing

    3.
    1) meist mit sein (im Sprung) leap, jump (über + Akk. over)

    über einen Fluss setzen — (mit einer Fähre o. ä.) cross a river

    auf ein Pferd/auf Rot setzen — back a horse/put one's money on red

    * * *
    A. v/t (hat gesetzt)
    1. allg (hintun) put; (besonders Dinge) auch place; (jemanden) auch sit; (pflanzen) plant; (Mast) put up; (stapeln) (Holz, Briketts) pile up; (Denkmal) erect, set up (
    jemandem to sb); (Ofen) put in, fix; (Segel) set; beim Brettspiel: (Figur) move;
    Fische in einen Teich setzen put fish in a pond;
    an Land setzen put ashore;
    jemanden über den Fluss setzen take sb across the river;
    an die Lippen setzen raise to one’s lips;
    keinen Fuß mehr vor die Tür setzen never again set foot outside;
    auf den Topf setzen (Kind) put on the potty;
    einen Wagen an die Mauer setzen umg drive a car into a wall;
    2. (Satzzeichen) put (in);
    seine Unterschrift setzen unter (+akk) put one’s signature to, sign;
    jemanden auf eine Liste setzen put sb ( oder sb’s name) (down) on a list;
    auf jemandes Rechnung setzen charge to sb’s account;
    etwas in die Zeitung setzen put sth in the paper
    3. bei Wetten: bet, place (
    auf +akk on)
    jemanden an eine Arbeit setzen set sb to work on a job;
    daran werden wir unsere Computerfachleute setzen we’ll get our computer specialists onto that
    5. (investieren) Arbeit, Geld
    setzen in (+akk) put into;
    viel Arbeit/Zeit in etwas setzen put a lot of work into sth/spend a lot of time on sth
    6.
    Gerüchte in die Welt setzen spread rumo(u)rs;
    ein Gedicht in Musik setzen set a poem to music
    7. (festlegen) Frist, Grenze, Priorität, Ziel etc: set;
    jemandem ein Ziel setzen set sb a target
    8. SPORT (jemanden) seed;
    beim Turnier sind die besten Spieler gesetzt the best players in the tournament are seeded;
    viele Gesetzte sind schon ausgeschieden many seeded players ( oder seeds) have already gone out
    9.
    jemanden über jemanden setzen fig (höher einschätzen) think more (highly) of sb than of sb; (befördern) promote sb above sb; → Druck1 2, Erstaunen, Freiheit, Frist etc; → auch gesetzt
    10. TYPO set
    11. JAGD (Junge) give birth to
    12. unpers, umg:
    gleich setzt es was I can see trouble coming; drohend: you just watch your step;
    sonst setzt es was! otherwise you’ll get it in the neck;
    es hat mal wieder Prügel gesetzt we got more smacks again
    B. v/r (hat)
    1. sit down;
    sich auf einen Ast setzen Vogel: land ( oder alight) on a branch;
    sich zu jemandem setzen sit down beside sb;
    darf ich mich zu Ihnen setzen? may I join you?;
    sich ans Fenster setzen sit down at ( oder by, next to) the window;
    sich aufs Pferd setzen mount a horse;
    setzen Sie sich! sit down!, take ( oder have) a seat!;
    setzen! SCHULE sit down!
    2.
    sich vor jemanden setzen Auto, Fahrer: cut in on ( oder in front of) sb;
    3. fig (sich senken) sink; Bodensatz, Schaum, Staub: settle;
    das muss sich erst setzen umg, fig (Lernstoff etc) it has to sink in
    C. v/i
    1. (ist):
    setzen über (+akk) jump over;
    über eine Hürde/einen Graben setzen auch clear a hurdle/take a ditch; → 'übersetzen2 B
    2. (hat) bei Wetten: place one’s bet;
    setzen auf (+akk) bet on, back;
    ich setze auf ihn! he’s my man
    * * *
    1.
    1) (hinsetzen) sit [down]

    setz dich/setzt euch/setzen Sie sich — sit down; take a seat

    sich aufs Sofa usw. setzen — sit on the sofa etc.

    sich zu jemandem setzen — [go and] sit with somebody; join somebody

    2) (sinken) <coffee, solution, froth, etc.> settle; < sediment> sink to the bottom
    3) (in präp. Verbindungen)
    2.

    eine Figur/einen Stein setzen — move a piece/man

    2) (einpflanzen) plant <tomatoes, potatoes, etc.>
    3) (aufziehen) hoist <flag etc.>; set <sails, navigation lights>
    4) (Druckw.) set <manuscript etc.>
    5) (schreiben) put <name, address, comma, etc.>

    seinen Namen unter etwas (Akk.) setzen — put one's signature to something; sign something

    6) (in präp. Verbindungen)

    in/außer Betrieb setzen — start up/stop <machine etc.>; put <lift etc.> into operation/take <lift etc.> out of service; (ein-/ausschalten) switch on/off

    7) (aufstellen) put up, build < stove>; stack <logs, bricks>
    8)

    sein Geld auf etwas (Akk.) setzen — put one's money on something; s. auch Akzente; Ende

    9) (ugs.)

    es setzt was od. Prügel od. Hiebe — he/she etc. gets a hiding (coll.) or thrashing

    3.
    1) meist mit sein (im Sprung) leap, jump (über + Akk. over)

    über einen Fluss setzen — (mit einer Fähre o. ä.) cross a river

    auf ein Pferd/auf Rot setzen — back a horse/put one's money on red

    * * *
    - n.
    placement n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > setzen

  • 4 especialista

    adj.
    1 specializing.
    2 specialist.
    f. & m.
    1 specialist (experto).
    2 stuntman, (f) stuntwoman (Cine).
    3 consultant.
    * * *
    1 specialist
    1 specialist
    2 CINEMATOGRAFÍA stand-in (hombre) stunt man; (mujer) stunt woman
    * * *
    noun mf.
    * * *
    1.
    ADJ [técnico, enfermera] specialist
    2. SMF
    1) [en estudio, profesión] specialist, expert
    2) (Med, Dep) specialist
    3) (Cine, TV) stuntman/stuntwoman
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo specialist (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) ( experto) specialist, expert

    los especialistas en la materia dicen que... — experts o specialists on the subject say that...

    es especialista en meter la pata — (hum) he's an expert at putting his foot in it (hum)

    b) (Med) specialist
    2) (Cin, TV) (m) stuntman; (f) stuntwoman
    * * *
    = skilled, specialist, stunt man [stunt men, -pl.], guru, specialty.
    Nota: Adjetivo.
    Ex. When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.
    Ex. Abstracts and indexes organize the literature so that a specialist can identify documents of interest more easily.
    Ex. These descriptors are still alive: boatmen, city council-men, firemen, foremen, longshoremen, stunt men, statesmen, watchmen, man and manpower.
    Ex. Many readers will need to consult a network guru in order to find out about access through a network connection.
    Ex. Strategies that may be employed by law firms for using medical data bases to locate potential expert witnesses or out-of-court specialty consultants are illustrated.
    ----
    * base de datos de referencia a especialistas = referral database.
    * comunicación entre especialistas = scholarly communication, scholarly discourse.
    * consultar con otro especialista = get + a second opinion.
    * conversación entre especialistas = scholarly discourse.
    * diálogo entre especialistas = scholarly communication.
    * envío a un especialista = referral.
    * especialista de la información = information specialist.
    * especialista en agricultura = agricultural specialist.
    * especialista en anatomía = anatomist.
    * especialista en bibliometría = bibliometrician.
    * especialista en bibliotecas = library specialist.
    * especialista en conservación = preservationist, conservationist.
    * especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.
    * especialista en econometría = econometrician.
    * especialista en el desarrollo = developmentalist.
    * especialista en genética = geneticist.
    * especialista en inmunología = immunologist.
    * especialista en la lógica = logician.
    * especialista en medio ambiente = environmentalist.
    * especialista en metadatos = metadata specialist.
    * especialista en microscopista = microscopist.
    * especialista en mobiliario = furnisher.
    * especialista en multimedia = media specialist.
    * especialista en osteopatía = osteopathic physician.
    * especialista en recuperación = retrievalist.
    * especialista en reformatear = reformatter.
    * especialista en retórica = rhetorician.
    * especialista en una materia = subject specialist.
    * especialista en ciencias de la tierra = earth scientist.
    * especialista temático = subject specialist.
    * herramienta para especialistas = specialist tool.
    * no especialista = non-expert [nonexpert].
    * producto para especialistas = specialist product.
    * * *
    I
    adjetivo specialist (before n)
    II
    masculino y femenino
    1)
    a) ( experto) specialist, expert

    los especialistas en la materia dicen que... — experts o specialists on the subject say that...

    es especialista en meter la pata — (hum) he's an expert at putting his foot in it (hum)

    b) (Med) specialist
    2) (Cin, TV) (m) stuntman; (f) stuntwoman
    * * *
    = skilled, specialist, stunt man [stunt men, -pl.], guru, specialty.
    Nota: Adjetivo.

    Ex: When used by skilled abstractors this mixture of styles can achieve the maximum transmission of information, within a minimum length.

    Ex: Abstracts and indexes organize the literature so that a specialist can identify documents of interest more easily.
    Ex: These descriptors are still alive: boatmen, city council-men, firemen, foremen, longshoremen, stunt men, statesmen, watchmen, man and manpower.
    Ex: Many readers will need to consult a network guru in order to find out about access through a network connection.
    Ex: Strategies that may be employed by law firms for using medical data bases to locate potential expert witnesses or out-of-court specialty consultants are illustrated.
    * base de datos de referencia a especialistas = referral database.
    * comunicación entre especialistas = scholarly communication, scholarly discourse.
    * consultar con otro especialista = get + a second opinion.
    * conversación entre especialistas = scholarly discourse.
    * diálogo entre especialistas = scholarly communication.
    * envío a un especialista = referral.
    * especialista de la información = information specialist.
    * especialista en agricultura = agricultural specialist.
    * especialista en anatomía = anatomist.
    * especialista en bibliometría = bibliometrician.
    * especialista en bibliotecas = library specialist.
    * especialista en conservación = preservationist, conservationist.
    * especialista en conservación de libros = book conservation specialist.
    * especialista en econometría = econometrician.
    * especialista en el desarrollo = developmentalist.
    * especialista en genética = geneticist.
    * especialista en inmunología = immunologist.
    * especialista en la lógica = logician.
    * especialista en medio ambiente = environmentalist.
    * especialista en metadatos = metadata specialist.
    * especialista en microscopista = microscopist.
    * especialista en mobiliario = furnisher.
    * especialista en multimedia = media specialist.
    * especialista en osteopatía = osteopathic physician.
    * especialista en recuperación = retrievalist.
    * especialista en reformatear = reformatter.
    * especialista en retórica = rhetorician.
    * especialista en una materia = subject specialist.
    * especialista en ciencias de la tierra = earth scientist.
    * especialista temático = subject specialist.
    * herramienta para especialistas = specialist tool.
    * no especialista = non-expert [nonexpert].
    * producto para especialistas = specialist product.

    * * *
    specialist ( before n)
    A
    1 (experto) specialist, expert
    los especialistas en la materia dicen que … experts o specialists on the subject say that …
    es especialista en meter la pata ( hum); he's an expert at putting his foot in it ( hum)
    2 ( Med) specialist
    lo mandaron a un especialista de(l) corazón he was sent to a heart specialist
    B ( Cin, TV) ( masculine) stuntman; ( feminine) stuntwoman
    * * *

     

    especialista adjetivo
    specialist ( before n)
    ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino

    b) (Med) specialist;


    c) (Cin, TV) (m) stuntman;

    (f) stuntwoman
    especialista mf specialist
    ' especialista' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    conocedor
    - conocedora
    - eminencia
    - física
    - físico
    - materia
    - derivar
    - profano
    English:
    consultant
    - dietician
    - expert
    - refer to
    - specialist
    - stunt man
    - stunt woman
    - tree surgeon
    - arrange
    - opinion
    - plastic
    - refer
    - skilled
    - stunt
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    specializing (en in);
    ♦ nmf
    1. [experto] specialist, expert (en in);
    los especialistas en materia financiera prevén otra subida financial experts anticipate another rise;
    un especialista en balística a specialist in ballistics, a ballistics expert;
    Hum
    es especialista en hacer la vida imposible a los demás he's an expert o a past master at making life difficult for others
    especialista universitario = postgraduate university qualification below that of master's
    2. [médico] specialist;
    mi médico me mandó al especialista my doctor referred me to the specialist;
    el especialista de riñón the kidney specialist
    3. Cine stuntman, f stuntwoman
    * * *
    m/f
    1 specialist, expert
    2 en cine stuntman; mujer stuntwoman
    * * *
    : specialist, expert
    * * *
    1. (en general) specialist
    2. (en el cine) stunt man [pl. stunt men] / stunt woman [pl. stunt women]

    Spanish-English dictionary > especialista

  • 5 cuadro

    m.
    1 square (cuadrado).
    una camisa a cuadros a check shirt
    2 painting (pintura).
    un cuadro de Miró a painting by Miró
    3 scene, spectacle (escena).
    después del terremoto, la ciudad presentaba un cuadro desolador after the earthquake, the city was a scene of devastation
    4 team (equipo).
    el cuadro directivo de una empresa the management of a company
    cuadro flamenco flamenco group
    5 chart, diagram.
    cuadro sinóptico tree diagram
    6 frame.
    7 scene (Teatro).
    8 picture, painting.
    9 description, picture.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: cuadrar.
    * * *
    1 (cuadrado) square
    2 (pintura) painting, picture
    3 TEATRO scene
    4 (descripción) description, picture
    5 MILITAR cadre
    6 (dirigentes) leaders plural; (personal) staff
    7 (conjunto de datos) chart, graph
    9 (de un jardín etc) bed, patch, plot
    10 figurado (escena) scene, sight
    12 (armazón) frame
    \
    a cuadros checked, US checkered
    en cuadro in a square
    estar en cuadro / quedarse en cuadro figurado to be greatly reduced in numbers
    cuadro clínico clinical pattern
    cuadro de costumbres study of manners
    cuadro de mandos control panel
    cuadro facultativo medical staff
    cuadro sinóptico diagram, chart
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) picture, painting
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=cuadrado) square

    una camisa/un vestido a o de cuadros — a checked o check shirt/dress

    - quedarse a cuadros

    en cuadro —

    2) (Arte) (=pintura) painting; (=reproducción) picture

    dos cuadros de Velázquez — two paintings by Velázquez, two Velázquez paintings

    pintar un cuadro — to do a painting, paint a picture

    cuadro de honor — roll of honour, honor roll (EEUU)

    3) (=escena) (Teat) scene; (fig) scene, sight

    llegaron calados hasta los huesos y llenos de barro ¡vaya cuadro! — they arrived soaked to the skin and covered in mud, what a sight (they were)!

    cuadro viviente, cuadro vivo — tableau vivant

    4) (=gráfico) table, chart
    5) (=tablero) panel

    cuadro de conmutadores, cuadro de distribución — (Elec) switchboard

    cuadro de instrumentos — (Aer) instrument panel; (Aut) dashboard

    6) (=armazón) [de bicicleta, ventana] frame
    7) pl cuadros (tb: cuadros de mando) [en empresa] managerial staff; (Admin, Pol) officials; (Mil) commanding officers

    cuadros dirigentes — [en empresa] senior management; (Admin, Pol) senior officials; (Mil) senior officers

    cuadros medios — [en empresa] middle management; (Admin, Pol) middle-ranking officials; (Mil) middle-ranking officers

    cuadros superiores — = cuadros dirigentes

    8) (Med) symptoms pl, set of symptoms

    cuadro clínico — symptoms pl, clinical symptoms pl

    9) (=descripción) picture

    cuadro de costumbres — (Literat) description of local customs

    10) [en jardín, huerto] bed, plot
    11) (Mil) (=formación) square
    12) (Dep) team
    13) Cono Sur (=matadero) slaughterhouse, abattoir
    14) Cono Sur (=bragas) knickers pl, panties pl
    15) And (=pizarra) blackboard
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Art) ( pintura) painting; ( grabado) picture
    b) (Teatr) scene
    c) ( gráfico) table, chart
    2)
    a) (Lit) ( descripción) picture, description
    b) ( panorama) scene, sight
    3)
    a) ( cuadrado) square, check

    tela a or de cuadros — checked material

    b) ( en béisbol) diamond
    4) (Med) symptoms (pl)
    5) ( tablero) board, panel
    6) ( de bicicleta) frame

    los cuadros superiores/inferiores — ( de empresa) senior/junior management; ( del ejército) senior/junior officers

    8) (RPl) (Dep) team

    ser del otro cuadro — (Ur fam) to be gay

    9) cuadros masculino plural (Chi frml) (Indum) panties (pl) (AmE), briefs (pl) (BrE frml)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Art) ( pintura) painting; ( grabado) picture
    b) (Teatr) scene
    c) ( gráfico) table, chart
    2)
    a) (Lit) ( descripción) picture, description
    b) ( panorama) scene, sight
    3)
    a) ( cuadrado) square, check

    tela a or de cuadros — checked material

    b) ( en béisbol) diamond
    4) (Med) symptoms (pl)
    5) ( tablero) board, panel
    6) ( de bicicleta) frame

    los cuadros superiores/inferiores — ( de empresa) senior/junior management; ( del ejército) senior/junior officers

    8) (RPl) (Dep) team

    ser del otro cuadro — (Ur fam) to be gay

    9) cuadros masculino plural (Chi frml) (Indum) panties (pl) (AmE), briefs (pl) (BrE frml)
    * * *
    cuadro1

    Ex: Within Human Science we find such subdisciplines as economics and sociology; within Art, painting and music.

    * cuadro de la bicicleta = bike frame, bicycle frame.
    * tela de cuadros = tweed.
    * tela escocesa de cuadros = tartan.
    * tela típica escocesa de cuadros = tartan.

    cuadro2
    2 = table.
    Nota: Documento que contiene datos ordenados generalmente en filas y columnas que pueden ir acompañados de texto.

    Ex: The document containing ordered data typically in rows and columns and possibly with an accompanying text is known as tables.

    * cuadro de honor = roll of honour.
    * cuadro de instrumentos = dashboard.
    * Cuadro de Mando Integral (CMI) = Balanced Scorecard (BSC).
    * cuadro de mandos = circuit board, dashboard.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Art) (pintura) painting; (grabado, reproducción) picture
    está pintando un cuadro he's doing a painting, he's painting a picture
    un cuadro de Dalí a painting by Dalí
    2 ( Teatr) scene
    3 (gráfico) table, chart
    4 (TV) frame
    Compuestos:
    synoptic chart
    tableau vivant
    B
    1 ( Lit) (descripción) picture, description
    me pintó un cuadro muy negro he painted me a very bleak picture
    2 (espectáculo, panorama) scene, sight
    el campo de batalla ofrecía un cuadro desolador the battlefield presented a scene of devastation
    se complica el cuadro político the political picture is becoming complicated
    ¡vaya (un) cuadro! ( fam); what a sight!
    Compuesto:
    C
    1 (cuadrado) square, check
    tela a or de cuadros checked material
    2 (en un jardín) flowerbed
    3 (en béisbol) diamond
    D ( Med) manifestations (pl)
    el cuadro patológico the pathological manifestations
    presentan cuadros bronquiales crónicos their symptoms include chronic bronchial problems, they present with chronic bronchial problems ( tech)
    uno de los cuadros más frecuentes one of the most common combinations of manifestations o symptoms
    Compuesto:
    clinical manifestation, symptoms (pl)
    E (tablero) board, panel
    Compuestos:
    control panel
    ● cuadro de mandos or instrumentos
    ( Auto) dashboard; ( Aviac) instrument panel
    G
    (en una organización): los cuadros directivos del partido the top party officials
    el grupo ha reestructurado sus cuadros the group has restructured its organization
    cuadro de profesionales team of specialists o professionals
    los cuadros medios de la empresa the company's middle management
    los cuadros inferiores de las fuerzas armadas the junior officers in the armed forces
    Compuesto:
    mpl (de un ejército) commanders (pl), commanding officers (pl); (de una organización) leaders (pl), leading figures (pl)
    H ( RPl) ( Dep) team
    ser del otro cuadro (Ur fam); to be gay
    I cuadros mpl ( Chi frml) ( Indum) panties (pl) ( AmE), briefs (pl) ( BrE frml)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo cuadrar: ( conjugate cuadrar)

    cuadro es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    cuadró es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    cuadrar    
    cuadro
    cuadrar ( conjugate cuadrar) verbo intransitivo

    b) [declaraciones/testimonias] to tally;

    cuadro con algo to fit in with sth, tally with sth
    c) (Ven) ( para una cita) cuadro con algn to arrange to meet sb;

    cuadro para hacer algo to arrange to do sth
    cuadrarse verbo pronominal

    b) [caballo/toro] to stand stock-still

    c) (Col, Ven fam) ( estacionarse) to park

    cuadro sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Art) ( pintura) painting;

    (grabado, reproducción) picture
    b) (Teatr) scene


    2


    zanahorias cortadas en cuadritos diced carrots

    cuadro de mandos or instrumentos (Auto) dashboard;
    (Aviac) instrument panel

    3 ( en organización):

    los cuadros superiores de la empresa the company's senior management;
    cuadros de mando (Mil) commanders (pl)
    cuadrar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (coincidir) to square, agree [con, with]
    2 (las cuentas) to balance, tally
    II verbo transitivo to balance
    cuadro sustantivo masculino
    1 Arte painting, picture
    2 Teat scene
    3 Geom square
    tela a cuadros, checked cloth
    4 (gráfico, esquema) chart, graph
    cuadro clínico, medical profile
    cuadro sinóptico, diagram
    5 Elec Téc panel
    cuadro de mandos, control panel
    ♦ Locuciones: quedarse a cuadros, to be astonished
    estar/quedarse en cuadros, to be short of staff
    ' cuadro' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ahorcarse
    - barnizar
    - colgar
    - descentrada
    - descentrado
    - descolgar
    - descolgarse
    - deterioro
    - enmarcar
    - escudriñar
    - imitación
    - inglete
    - mando
    - parar
    - pasmada
    - pasmado
    - posar
    - presidir
    - rematar
    - representar
    - restaurar
    - retratar
    - revalorizar
    - rozar
    - sinóptica
    - sinóptico
    - torcida
    - torcido
    - auténtico
    - bajo
    - bien
    - colocar
    - contemplar
    - cotizar
    - derecho
    - deteriorado
    - efigie
    - encargar
    - enchuecar
    - exhibir
    - exponer
    - falso
    - fondo
    - inapreciable
    - inclinado
    - ladeado
    - marco
    - mirar
    - óleo
    - pintura
    English:
    bid
    - canvas
    - chart
    - check
    - colourful
    - commission
    - depict
    - draw
    - frame
    - hang up
    - mess
    - mount
    - noteworthy
    - oil painting
    - outbid
    - painting
    - picture
    - pose
    - put up
    - restoration
    - restore
    - round
    - show
    - sight
    - square
    - squint
    - straight
    - straighten up
    - table
    - unhook
    - view
    - work in
    - detract
    - go
    - honor
    - pay
    - wrong
    * * *
    cuadro nm
    1. [pintura] painting;
    un cuadro de Miró a Miró, a painting by Miró;
    cuadro al óleo oil painting
    2. [escena] scene, spectacle;
    después del terremoto, la ciudad presentaba un cuadro desolador after the earthquake, the city was a scene of devastation;
    ¡vaya (un) cuadro ofrecíamos tras la tormenta! we were in a sorry state after we got caught in the storm!
    3. [descripción] portrait
    cuadro de costumbres = scene portraying regional customs
    4. [cuadrado] square;
    [de flores] bed;
    una camisa a cuadros a checked shirt;
    un diseño a cuadros a checked pattern;
    una camisa de cuadros verdes a green checked shirt
    cuadro de saque [en squash] service box
    5. [equipo] team;
    el cuadro visitante the away team;
    en este hospital hay un buen cuadro médico o [m5] facultativo the medical staff in this hospital are good;
    el cuadro directivo de una empresa the management of a company;
    los cuadros medios o [m5] intermedios de la administración middle-ranking government officials
    cuadro flamenco flamenco group;
    cuadros de mando [en ejército] commanding officers;
    [en organización] highest-ranking officials; [en empresa] top management
    6. [gráfico] chart, diagram
    cuadro sinóptico tree diagram
    7. [de bicicleta] frame
    8. [de aparato] panel
    cuadro de distribución switchboard;
    cuadro de instrumentos [en avión] control panel;
    [en automóvil] dashboard;
    cuadro de mandos [en avión] control panel;
    [en automóvil] dashboard
    9. Teatro scene
    cuadro vivo tableau vivant
    10. Med
    presenta un cuadro de extrema gravedad her symptoms are extremely serious
    11. [armazón] framework
    12. Mil square formation
    13. Informát box
    cuadro de cierre close box;
    cuadro de diálogo dialog box
    14. Am [matadero] slaughterhouse
    15. Comp
    en cuadro: la empresa está en cuadro tras la marcha del equipo directivo the company has been caught seriously short after its entire management team left;
    con la lesión de siete jugadores, el equipo se queda en cuadro the team has been seriously weakened after the injuries to seven of its players;
    Fam
    quedarse a cuadros: cuando me dijo que yo era el padre del bebé, me quedé a cuadros I was completely floored when she told me that I was the father of the baby
    * * *
    m
    1 painting; ( grabado) picture
    2 ( tabla) table
    3 DEP team; POL, MIL staff, cadre;
    4
    :
    de o
    a cuadros checked;
    quedarse a cuadros be short of staff
    * * *
    cuadro nm
    1) : square
    una blusa a cuadros: a checkered blouse
    2) : painting, picture
    3) : baseball diamond, infield
    4) : panel, board, cadre
    * * *
    1. (de arte) painting
    a cuadros / de cuadros check / checked

    Spanish-English dictionary > cuadro

  • 6 Peter principle

    the Peter principle le principe de Peter (théorème humoristique selon lequel chacun finit par atteindre son niveau d'incompétence)

    Of course, beware of the Peter Principle: You may promote someone to their level of incompetence, as has often happened with coders and insurance specialists who were elevated to the top of the heap. However, such a promotion may be worth the risk if the employee has the potential to become a manager. In that case, provide on-the-job training.

    English-French business dictionary > Peter principle

  • 7 ran|ga

    f 1. (stopień w hierarchii wojskowej) rank
    - wysoki/niski rangą of high/low rank
    - miał rangę porucznika he held the rank of lieutenant
    - pułkownik jest starszy rangą od kapitana a colonel outranks a captain
    2. przen. (znaczenie) Szekspir jest pisarzem światowej rangi Shakespeare is a writer of world renown
    - zdobył wysoką rangę wśród uczonych he gained prestige among scholars
    - ostatnia rola podniosła ją do rangi wybitnej aktorki her latest role won her the reputation of a great actress
    ■ urastać do rangi problemu/symbolu to become a. turn a. grow into a problem/symbol

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > ran|ga

  • 8 nivel

    m.
    1 level, height (altura).
    al nivel de level with
    al nivel del mar at sea level
    la capital está a 250 metros sobre el nivel del mar the capital is 250 meters above sea level
    2 level, standard (grado).
    no tiene un buen nivel de inglés his level of English is poor
    una reunión al más alto nivel a meeting at the highest level, a top-level meeting
    al mismo nivel (que) on a level o par (with)
    a nivel europeo at a European level
    nivel mental level of intelligence
    nivel de vida standard of living
    3 spirit level (instrument).
    4 carpenter's level, level.
    5 floor, storey, decker.
    De dos niveles Used as a suffix -decker: Double-decker
    * * *
    1 (altura) level, height
    2 (categoría) level, standard, degree
    \
    a nivel de as for
    ■ a nivel de gastos as far as expenses are concerned, regarding expenses
    al más alto nivel at the highest level
    nivel de producción production level
    nivel de vida standard of living
    nivel del mar sea level
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=altura) level, height

    la nieve alcanzó un nivel de 1,5m — the snow reached a depth of 1.5m

    a nivel — [gen] level, flush; (=horizontal) horizontal

    al nivel de — on a level with, at the same height as, on the same level as

    paso a nivel — level crossing, grade crossing (EEUU)

    nivel de(l) aceite — (Aut etc) oil level

    2) [escolar, cultural] level, standard

    conferencia al más alto nivel, conferencia de alto nivel — high-level conference, top-level conference

    estar al nivel de — to be equal to, be on a level with

    niveles de audiencia — ratings, audience rating sing ; (TV) viewing figures

    3) (=instrumento) (tb: nivel de aire, nivel de burbuja) spirit level
    4)

    a nivel de — (=en cuanto a) as for, as regards; (=como) as; (=a tono con) in keeping with

    a nivel de viajes — so far as travel is concerned, regarding travel

    * * *
    a) ( altura) level
    b) (en escala, jerarquía) level
    * * *
    = degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], level, range, scale, threshold, rank, gradation, grade, plateau [plateaux, -pl.], stratum [strata, -pl.], tier, rung.
    Ex. This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.
    Ex. The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.
    Ex. As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.
    Ex. In particular series entries are useful for series where the series title indicates a particular subject scope, style of approach, level or audience.
    Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.
    Ex. Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.
    Ex. But documents with the following terms assigned would be rejected on the grounds that their combined weights did not exceed the pre-selected threshold.
    Ex. However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.
    Ex. Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.
    Ex. The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.
    Ex. With the advent of both library on-line public access catalogue and end-user searching of on-line and CD-ROM data bases, the need for improved instruction in library use approaches a new plateau.
    Ex. However, amongst this stratum of the population, library users demonstrated greater residential stability.
    Ex. The author proposes a four tier planning framework for information technology, information systems and information management.
    Ex. In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    ----
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * alcanzar niveles mínimos = reach + a low ebb.
    * alfabetización a nivel mundial = world literacy.
    * al mismo nivel de = flush with.
    * al mismo nivel que = on a par with, in the same league as.
    * alto nivel = high standard.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].
    * a un nivel básico = at a lay level.
    * a un nivel por debajo del nacional = sub-national [subnational].
    * a varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level], at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * bajada de nivel = drawdown.
    * bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.
    * barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.
    * clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.
    * construido en dos niveles = split-level.
    * con una nivel de especialización medio = semi-skilled.
    * con un buen nivel = fluent.
    * con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].
    * con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * curva de nivel = contour line.
    * dar un nivel de prioridad alto = put + Nombre + high on + Posesivo + list of priorities.
    * de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel medio = medium level [medium-level], middle-range, mid-level.
    * de nivel superior = upper-level, top echelon, higher-level.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * descenso de nivel = drawdown.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * de segundo nivel = second-level.
    * de tercer nivel = third-level.
    * de tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * de varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level].
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.
    * en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.
    * estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.
    * gestor de nivel medio = middle manager.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * nivel alto de gestión = higher management.
    * nivel avanzado = advanced level.
    * nivel básico = introductory level.
    * nivel cultural = literacy.
    * nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.
    * nivel de adopción = adoption rate.
    * nivel de alfabetización = literacy, literacy rate.
    * nivel de analfabetismo = illiteracy rate.
    * nivel de atención = attention span.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de cobertura = depth of coverage.
    * nivel de colesterol = cholesterol level.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * nivel de confianza = confidence level.
    * nivel de demanda = level of demand.
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.
    * nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * nivel de ingresos = income level, earning capacity, earning power.
    * nivel de la calle = road-level.
    * nivel del agua = water level.
    * nivel del alfabetización = literacy.
    * nivel de lectura = reading ability.
    * nivel de los usuarios = audience level.
    * nivel del público = audience level.
    * nivel del subconsciente, el = subconscious level, the.
    * nivel de luminosidad = light level.
    * nivel de pobreza = poverty level.
    * nivel de presentación = level of presentation.
    * nivel de ruido = noise level.
    * nivel de saciedad = point of futility.
    * nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.
    * nivel de saturación = point of futility.
    * nivel de solvencia = credit rating.
    * nivel de subdivisión = granularity.
    * nivel de utilización = degree of use.
    * nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.
    * nivel económico = wealth.
    * nivel educativo = educational level, education level, level of education.
    * nivel escolar = grade level.
    * niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.
    * nivel freático = groundwater table, water table.
    * nivel inferior = micro level [micro-leve/microlevel].
    * nivel intermedio = meso level, intermediate level.
    * nivel introductorio = introductory level.
    * nivel jerárquico falso = false link.
    * nivel máximo = high-water mark.
    * nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.
    * nivel medio = middle range.
    * nivel medio de gestión = middle management.
    * nivel mínimo = low-water mark.
    * nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.
    * nivel profesional = competence, professional level.
    * nivel salarial = salary bracket.
    * nivel socioeconómico = socioeconomic status.
    * nivel superior = top level, top layer, macro level [macro-leve/macrolevel].
    * ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = be high on + list, rank + high on the list of priorities.
    * pasar al siguiente nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * paso a nivel = level-crossing.
    * persona con nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.
    * rebajarse al nivel de Alguien = get down to + Posesivo + level.
    * ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.
    * sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.
    * situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.
    * subir de nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * subir el nivel = raise + standard, raise + the bar.
    * teoría de niveles integrados = theory of integrative levels.
    * último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.
    * * *
    a) ( altura) level
    b) (en escala, jerarquía) level
    * * *
    = degree, extent, index [indices/indexes, -pl.], level, range, scale, threshold, rank, gradation, grade, plateau [plateaux, -pl.], stratum [strata, -pl.], tier, rung.

    Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

    Ex: The extent of searchable elements will vary from one data base to another.
    Ex: As job anxiety scores increased, job satisfaction indices decreased.
    Ex: In particular series entries are useful for series where the series title indicates a particular subject scope, style of approach, level or audience.
    Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.
    Ex: Various scales of relevance ratings may be established.
    Ex: But documents with the following terms assigned would be rejected on the grounds that their combined weights did not exceed the pre-selected threshold.
    Ex: However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.
    Ex: Until the mid nineteen hundreds, this community presented an almost feudal pattern of wealthy merchants and factory hands, with several gradations between these extremes.
    Ex: The project is concerned with the investigation of conditions of appointment for women librarians as well as the grades and salary scales assigned to library tasks.
    Ex: With the advent of both library on-line public access catalogue and end-user searching of on-line and CD-ROM data bases, the need for improved instruction in library use approaches a new plateau.
    Ex: However, amongst this stratum of the population, library users demonstrated greater residential stability.
    Ex: The author proposes a four tier planning framework for information technology, information systems and information management.
    Ex: In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    * a bajo nivel = low-level.
    * a diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * a dos niveles = two-tier.
    * alcanzar niveles mínimos = reach + a low ebb.
    * alfabetización a nivel mundial = world literacy.
    * al mismo nivel de = flush with.
    * al mismo nivel que = on a par with, in the same league as.
    * alto nivel = high standard.
    * a muchos niveles = many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * a nivel de barrio = neighbourhood-based.
    * a nivel de calle = on the ground level.
    * a nivel de la calle = at ground level.
    * a nivel del suelo = at ground level.
    * a nivel estatal = statewide [state-wide].
    * a nivel federal = federally, federally.
    * a nivel individual = privately.
    * a nivel local = locally, domestically.
    * a nivel multicultural = multi-culturally [multiculturally].
    * a nivel mundial = worldwide [world-wide], globally.
    * a nivel nacional = nationally, domestically, countrywide [country-wide].
    * a nivel privado = privately.
    * a nivel regional = regionally.
    * a todos los niveles = at all levels.
    * a tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * a un alto nivel = high level [high-level].
    * a un nivel básico = at a lay level.
    * a un nivel por debajo del nacional = sub-national [subnational].
    * a varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level], at varying levels, many-levelled [many-leveled, -USA].
    * bajada de nivel = drawdown.
    * bajar el nivel = lower + the bar.
    * barrera de paso a nivel = level-crossing gate.
    * clasificado por nivel de dificultad = graded.
    * construido en dos niveles = split-level.
    * con una nivel de especialización medio = semi-skilled.
    * con un buen nivel = fluent.
    * con un mayor nivel educativo = better educated [better-educated].
    * con un menor nivel educativo = lesser-educated.
    * con un nivel de estudios alto = well educated [well-educated].
    * curva de nivel = contour line.
    * dar un nivel de prioridad alto = put + Nombre + high on + Posesivo + list of priorities.
    * de alto nivel = of a high order, high level [high-level], high-powered.
    * de bajo nivel = lower-level, low-level.
    * de diferentes niveles = multi-tiered [multitiered], multi-tier [multitier].
    * de dos niveles = two-tier.
    * de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * de nivel intelectual medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * de nivel medio = medium level [medium-level], middle-range, mid-level.
    * de nivel superior = upper-level, top echelon, higher-level.
    * de primer nivel = first-level.
    * descenso de nivel = drawdown.
    * descripción bibliográfica de primer nivel = first-level bibliographic description.
    * de segundo nivel = second-level.
    * de tercer nivel = third-level.
    * de tres niveles = three-tiered.
    * de varios niveles = multilevel [multi-level].
    * en cuatro niveles = quadraplaner.
    * en dos niveles = split-level.
    * en el nivel básico = at grass roots level.
    * en el nivel intermedio de = in the middle range of.
    * en el nivel medio de = in the middle range of.
    * en otro nivel = on a different plane.
    * en su nivel más bajo = at its lowest ebb.
    * en un nivel bajo = at a low ebb.
    * estar al mismo nivel = be on a par.
    * gestor de nivel medio = middle manager.
    * gran nivel = high standard.
    * nivel alto de dirección = higher management.
    * nivel alto de gestión = higher management.
    * nivel avanzado = advanced level.
    * nivel básico = introductory level.
    * nivel cultural = literacy.
    * nivel de aceptación = adoption rate, acceptance rate.
    * nivel de adopción = adoption rate.
    * nivel de alfabetización = literacy, literacy rate.
    * nivel de analfabetismo = illiteracy rate.
    * nivel de atención = attention span.
    * nivel de azúcar en la sangre = level of blood sugar.
    * nivel de cobertura = depth of coverage.
    * nivel de colesterol = cholesterol level.
    * nivel de colesterol en la sangre = blood cholesterol level.
    * nivel de confianza = confidence level.
    * nivel de demanda = level of demand.
    * nivel de desarrollo = stage of development, developmental level, development level, level of development.
    * nivel de detalle = completeness, granularity, level of detail.
    * nivel de dominio medio = working knowledge.
    * nivel de estudios = educational background, level of education.
    * nivel de ingresos = income level, earning capacity, earning power.
    * nivel de la calle = road-level.
    * nivel del agua = water level.
    * nivel del alfabetización = literacy.
    * nivel de lectura = reading ability.
    * nivel de los usuarios = audience level.
    * nivel del público = audience level.
    * nivel del subconsciente, el = subconscious level, the.
    * nivel de luminosidad = light level.
    * nivel de pobreza = poverty level.
    * nivel de presentación = level of presentation.
    * nivel de ruido = noise level.
    * nivel de saciedad = point of futility.
    * nivel de satisfacción del usuario = user satisfaction.
    * nivel de saturación = point of futility.
    * nivel de solvencia = credit rating.
    * nivel de subdivisión = granularity.
    * nivel de utilización = degree of use.
    * nivel de vida = standard of living, living standard.
    * nivel económico = wealth.
    * nivel educativo = educational level, education level, level of education.
    * nivel escolar = grade level.
    * niveles de detalle en la descripción = levels of detail in the description.
    * nivel freático = groundwater table, water table.
    * nivel inferior = micro level [micro-leve/microlevel].
    * nivel intermedio = meso level, intermediate level.
    * nivel introductorio = introductory level.
    * nivel jerárquico falso = false link.
    * nivel máximo = high-water mark.
    * nivel máximo del agua = high-water mark.
    * nivel medio = middle range.
    * nivel medio de gestión = middle management.
    * nivel mínimo = low-water mark.
    * nivel mínimo del agua = low-water mark.
    * nivel profesional = competence, professional level.
    * nivel salarial = salary bracket.
    * nivel socioeconómico = socioeconomic status.
    * nivel superior = top level, top layer, macro level [macro-leve/macrolevel].
    * ocupar un nivel de prioridad alto = be high on + list, rank + high on the list of priorities.
    * pasar al siguiente nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * paso a nivel = level-crossing.
    * persona con nivel cultural medio = middlebrow [middle-brow].
    * persona de nivel cultural bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * persona de nivel intelectual bajo = lowbrow [low-brow].
    * poner al mismo nivel que = bring + Nombre + to a par with.
    * por niveles = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * preparación contra emergencias a nivel nacional = domestic preparedness.
    * rebajarse al nivel de Alguien = get down to + Posesivo + level.
    * ser de alto nivel = be at a high level.
    * sin ningún nivel de especialización = unskilled.
    * situado a nivel de la calle = ground-floor.
    * subir de nivel = move it up + a gear, take it up + a gear, notch it up + a gear, take it up + a notch, crank it up + a notch, crank it up + a gear, move it up + a notch.
    * subir el nivel = raise + standard, raise + the bar.
    * teoría de niveles integrados = theory of integrative levels.
    * último nivel, el = bottom rung, the.

    * * *
    A
    1 (altura) level
    está a 2.300 metros sobre el nivel del mar it is 2,300 meters above sea level
    pon los cuadros al mismo nivel hang the pictures at the same height
    2 (en una escala, jerarquía) level
    negociaciones al más alto nivel top-level negotiations
    un funcionario de bajo nivel a low-ranking civil servant
    a nivel de mandos medios at middle-management level
    una solución a nivel internacional an international solution
    la obra no llega a pasar del nivel de un melodrama the play never rises above melodrama
    no está al nivel de los demás he's not up to the same standard as the others, he's not on a par with the others
    no supo estar al nivel de las circunstancias he failed to rise to the occasion, he didn't live up to expectations
    es incapaz de comprometerse tanto a nivel político como a nivel personal he's incapable of committing himself either politically or emotionally o on either a political or an emotional level
    Compuestos:
    standard of living
    water table
    B ( Const) tb
    nivel de burbuja or de aire spirit level
    * * *

     

    nivel sustantivo masculino

    b) (en escala, jerarquía) level;


    nivel de vida standard of living;
    no está al nivel de los demás he's not up to the same standard as the others;
    el nivel de las universidades mexicanas the standard of Mexican universities
    nivel sustantivo masculino
    1 (de las aguas, de un punto) level: estamos tres metros sobre el nivel del mar, we are at three metres above sea level
    2 (cultural, social, económico) level, standard: su nivel de francés es peor que el tuyo, her level of French is lower than yours
    3 (jerarquía) level
    4 (utensilio) level
    5 Ferroc paso a nivel, level crossing, US grade crossing
    ' nivel' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alta
    - alto
    - altura
    - baja
    - bajo
    - escalón
    - indicador
    - indicadora
    - ministerial
    - paso
    - plana
    - plano
    - ras
    - tren
    - alcanzar
    - azúcar
    - chato
    - competir
    - creces
    - crecida
    - cultural
    - descender
    - descenso
    - desnivelado
    - elemental
    - elevar
    - equiparar
    - hundimiento
    - hundir
    - intermedio
    - menguar
    - parejo
    - rango
    - sobre
    - sobrepasar
    - superior
    English:
    above
    - academic
    - catch up
    - crossing
    - down
    - grade
    - ground level
    - high-level
    - high-powered
    - intermediate
    - keep up
    - level
    - level crossing
    - living standards
    - maintain
    - oil
    - oil gauge
    - par
    - plane
    - proficiency
    - quality
    - rank
    - reach
    - sea-level
    - spirit level
    - stand
    - standard
    - top
    - top-level
    - up to
    - water level
    - watermark
    - A level
    - basis
    - bracket
    - catch
    - comprehensive
    - contour
    - county
    - deck
    - degree
    - descend
    - dumb
    - ground
    - high
    - keep
    - lapse
    - living
    - lowest common denominator
    - low
    * * *
    nivel nm
    1. [altura] level, height;
    al nivel de level with;
    al nivel del mar at sea level;
    la capital está a 250 metros sobre el nivel del mar the capital is 250 metres above sea level
    2. [piso, capa] level
    Geol nivel freático groundwater level o table
    3. [grado] level, standard;
    a nivel europeo at a European level;
    son los líderes a nivel mundial they are the world leaders;
    un problema que hay que abordar a nivel mundial a problem that has to be tackled internationally o globally;
    tiene un buen nivel de inglés she speaks good English;
    en esa universidad tienen un nivel altísimo the standard at that university is very high;
    una reunión al más alto nivel a meeting at the highest level, a top-level meeting;
    al mismo nivel (que) on a level o par (with)
    Informát nivel de acceso access level;
    nivel de colesterol cholesterol level;
    Informát niveles de gris grey(scale) levels;
    nivel mental level of intelligence;
    nivel de vida standard of living
    4. [instrumento]
    nivel (de burbuja) spirit level
    5.
    a nivel de [considerado incorrecto] as regards, as for;
    a nivel de salarios as regards o as for salaries;
    a nivel personal estoy contento on a personal level I'm happy
    * * *
    m
    1 level;
    a nivel mundial/nacional at o on a global/national level;
    un incremento del 4% a nivel nacional a 4% increase nationwide
    2 ( altura) height
    * * *
    nivel nm
    1) : level, height
    nivel del mar: sea level
    2) : level, standard
    nivel de vida: standard of living
    * * *
    1. (en general) level
    2. (calidad) standard

    Spanish-English dictionary > nivel

  • 9 rango

    m.
    1 standing (social).
    2 rank.
    de alto rango high-ranking
    3 status, station, social position, social standing.
    4 range, limits, amplitude of a quantity or phenomenon between clearly specified lower and higher limits, extent.
    5 degree, level.
    6 leapfrog.
    7 luxury.
    * * *
    1 rank
    \
    de alto rango / de mucho rango high-ranking
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    I
    SM
    1) (=categoría) rank; (=prestigio) standing, status

    de rango — of high standing, of some status

    de alto rango — of high standing, of some status

    2) LAm (=lujo) luxury; (=pompa) pomp, splendour, splendor (EEUU)
    II
    SM And = ranga
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mil) rank
    b) (categoría, nivel) level
    2) (Chi) (lujo, pompa) luxury
    * * *
    = range, status, rank, rung.
    Ex. Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.
    Ex. AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.
    Ex. However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.
    Ex. In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    ----
    * búsqueda por rangos = range searching, ranged search.
    * de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.
    * de rango superior = senior, top-tier [top tier].
    * distribución por rangos = rank distribution.
    * rango académico = academic rank.
    * rango jerárquico = hierarchical rank.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mil) rank
    b) (categoría, nivel) level
    2) (Chi) (lujo, pompa) luxury
    * * *
    = range, status, rank, rung.

    Ex: Overall, the library media specialists experienced stress in the mild to moderate range.

    Ex: AACR2 assigns this main entry status to the person who is chiefly responsible for the creation of the intellectual or artistic content of a work.
    Ex: However, Cutter suggested that we should ignore on economic grounds both upward links (from narrower to broader subjects) and collateral (sideways) links from one term to another of equal rank.
    Ex: In all types of libraries, programmes have been started, usually by keen librarians from the lower rungs of the profession.
    * búsqueda por rangos = range searching, ranged search.
    * de alto rango = high-ranking, highly placed.
    * de rango superior = senior, top-tier [top tier].
    * distribución por rangos = rank distribution.
    * rango académico = academic rank.
    * rango jerárquico = hierarchical rank.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Mil) (grado) rank
    2 (categoría, nivel) level
    B ( RPl) ( Jueg) leapfrog
    C ( Chi) (lujo, pompa) luxury
    vive con mucho rango she lives in great luxury o in the lap of luxury
    * * *

     

    rango sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Mil) rank

    b) (categoría, nivel) level

    2 (Chi) (lujo, pompa) luxury;
    ( de persona) high social status
    rango sustantivo masculino
    1 (militar, profesional) rank
    2 (social) status
    ' rango' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    inferior
    - superior
    - honor
    - jerarquía
    English:
    position
    - rank
    - senior
    - grade
    - high
    - involve
    - leapfrog
    * * *
    rango nm
    1. [social] standing
    2. [jerárquico] rank;
    de alto rango high-ranking
    3. Ling rank
    4. Andes, CAm, PRico [esplendor] pomp, splendour
    5. RP [juego] leapfrog
    * * *
    m rank;
    de alto rango high-ranking
    * * *
    rango nm
    1) : rank, status
    2) : high social standing
    3) : pomp, splendor
    * * *
    rango n rank

    Spanish-English dictionary > rango

  • 10 portero

    m.
    1 doorman, redcap, porter, hall porter.
    2 janitor, super, porter, superintendent.
    3 goalkeeper, goalie, gatekeeper.
    4 doorkeeper, person in charge of the door, porter.
    * * *
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    2 DEPORTE goalkeeper
    \
    portero automático entryphone
    * * *
    (f. - portera)
    noun
    1) doorman, caretaker
    * * *
    portero, -a
    1. SM / F
    1) [de edificio] caretaker, concierge, (apartment house) manager (EEUU)
    2) [en hotel, hospital] porter
    3) (Dep) goalkeeper
    2.
    SM

    portero automático, portero eléctrico, portero electrónico — entry phone

    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino
    1) ( que abre la puerta) doorman, porter; ( que cuida el edificio) super (AmE), superintendent (AmE), caretaker (BrE)
    2) (Dep) goalkeeper
    •• Cultural note:
    A superintendent in an apartment building who looks after it, keeps it clean, delivers mail, and keeps an eye on comings and goings. Porteros often have an apartment in the building as part of their pay. Many buildings no longer have porteros. In these cases, access is regulated by a portero automático (intercom). The portero, and particularly the female portera, are part of popular culture. They have a reputation for being inquisitive and fond of gossip
    * * *
    = janitor, porter, doorman [doormen, -pl.], doorkeeper, goalkeeper, goalie.
    Nota: Abreviatura de goalkeeper.
    Ex. It presents a case study based on an actual situation which arose between the chief librarian of a public library and the library janitor, and offer 4 different views as to how the situation could have been managed.
    Ex. Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex. He somehow kept his head above water as a doorman at a bar and as a nightman at a slaughterhouse.
    Ex. This is but a myth used instrumentally by delinquents to establish a position on the criminal scene -- as doorkeepers, bodyguards, money collectors or other so-called 'specialists in violence'.
    Ex. Then in a grandstand finish the home side, on top throughout, were kept at bay by the agility of the visiting team's goalkeeper.
    Ex. They were still slow off the blocks and didn't seem like threatening the opposite goalie.
    ----
    * cuartillo del portero = janitor's closet.
    * portero de noche = nightman [nightmen, -pl.].
    * * *
    - ra masculino, femenino
    1) ( que abre la puerta) doorman, porter; ( que cuida el edificio) super (AmE), superintendent (AmE), caretaker (BrE)
    2) (Dep) goalkeeper
    •• Cultural note:
    A superintendent in an apartment building who looks after it, keeps it clean, delivers mail, and keeps an eye on comings and goings. Porteros often have an apartment in the building as part of their pay. Many buildings no longer have porteros. In these cases, access is regulated by a portero automático (intercom). The portero, and particularly the female portera, are part of popular culture. They have a reputation for being inquisitive and fond of gossip
    * * *
    = janitor, porter, doorman [doormen, -pl.], doorkeeper, goalkeeper, goalie.
    Nota: Abreviatura de goalkeeper.

    Ex: It presents a case study based on an actual situation which arose between the chief librarian of a public library and the library janitor, and offer 4 different views as to how the situation could have been managed.

    Ex: Thus charwomen and porters in a university work in an institution where books are used a great deal but they themselves are highly unlikely to use them.
    Ex: He somehow kept his head above water as a doorman at a bar and as a nightman at a slaughterhouse.
    Ex: This is but a myth used instrumentally by delinquents to establish a position on the criminal scene -- as doorkeepers, bodyguards, money collectors or other so-called 'specialists in violence'.
    Ex: Then in a grandstand finish the home side, on top throughout, were kept at bay by the agility of the visiting team's goalkeeper.
    Ex: They were still slow off the blocks and didn't seem like threatening the opposite goalie.
    * cuartillo del portero = janitor's closet.
    * portero de noche = nightman [nightmen, -pl.].

    * * *
    portero -ra portero (↑ portero a1)
    masculine, feminine
    A (que abre la puerta) doorman, porter; (que cuida el edificio) super ( AmE), superintendent ( AmE), caretaker ( BrE), concierge
    Compuesto:
    portero eléctrico or ( Esp) automático
    masculine intercom ( AmE), entryphone ( BrE)
    B ( Dep) goalkeeper
    A superintendent in an apartment building who looks after it, keeps it clean, delivers mail, and keeps an eye on comings and goings. Porteros often have an apartment in the building as part of their pay.
    Many buildings no longer have porteros. In these cases, access is regulated by a portero automático (intercom).
    The portero, and particularly the female portera, are part of popular culture. They have a reputation for being inquisitive and fond of gossip.
    * * *

     

    portero
    ◊ -ra sustantivo masculino, femenino

    1 ( que abre la puerta) doorman, porter;
    ( que cuida el edificio) super (AmE), superintendent (AmE), caretaker (BrE);
    portero eléctrico or (Esp) automático sustantivo masculino
    entryphone
    2 (Dep) goalkeeper
    portero,-a sustantivo masculino y femenino
    1 (de una vivienda) porter, caretaker
    (de un edificio público) doorman
    portero automático, entry-phone
    2 Dep goalkeeper
    ' portero' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    camelarse
    - despeje
    - garita
    - gorila
    - obnubilarse
    - portera
    - interfono
    - mayordomo
    English:
    caretaker
    - doorman
    - goalkeeper
    - intercom
    - janitor
    - porter
    - scapegoat
    - door
    - entry
    - goal
    - superintendent
    - turn
    * * *
    portero, -a
    ♦ nm,f
    1. [de casa] Br caretaker, US super(intendent)
    2. [de hotel, ministerio] [en recepción] porter;
    [a la puerta] doorman
    3. [de discoteca] doorman
    4. [en fútbol, balonmano, hockey] goalkeeper;
    [en hockey] goalminder
    ♦ nm
    portero automático entryphone;
    portero eléctrico entryphone;
    * * *
    m
    1 doorman
    2 de edificio superintendent, Br
    caretaker
    3 DEP goalkeeper
    * * *
    portero, -ra n
    1) arquero: goalkeeper, goalie
    2) : doorman m
    3) : janitor, superintendent
    * * *
    1. (en deportes) goalkeeper

    Spanish-English dictionary > portero

  • 11 profesión

    f.
    1 profession, occupation, calling, career.
    2 profession, statement, declaration.
    * * *
    1 profession
    2 RELIGIÓN taking of vows
    \
    de profesión by profession
    profesión de fe profession of faith
    profesión liberal profession
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=ocupación) profession; [en formulario] occupation; (=vocación) calling, vocation

    abogado de profesión, de profesión abogado — a lawyer by profession

    2) (Rel) [de fe] profession, declaration; [en orden religiosa] taking of vows
    * * *
    1) ( ocupación) profession

    profesión — ( en formularios) occupation

    2) (Relig) profession
    * * *
    = career, line of business, profession, occupational group, pursuit in life, occupation.
    Ex. She began her career at Central Missouri State University where she was Head of the Documents Depository.
    Ex. The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex. Scientists, engineers and other subject specialists in other professions may be employed together with information scientists as full-time abstractors.
    Ex. Over the past 10 years, role conflict, role ambiguity, role clarity and job satisfaction have been given increased attention in the study of organisational behaviour for a number of occupational groups.
    Ex. People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex. Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    ----
    * actuar en defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * compañero de profesión = colleague.
    * defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * dentro de la misma profesión = intraoccupational.
    * desempeñar una profesión = practise + profession.
    * ejercer una profesión = practise + profession.
    * entre la profesión = intra-professional.
    * entre profesiones = cross-occupational.
    * herramienta de la profesión = tool of the trade.
    * profesión de archivero, la = archival profession, the.
    * profesión de bibliotecario = library profession.
    * profesión de bibliotecario y de documentalista, la = library and information services profession, the.
    * profesión dedicada al servicio de otros = service profession, helping profession.
    * profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession.
    * profesión de documentalista, la = information profession, the.
    * profesión del bibliotecario y documentalista, la = library and information profession, the.
    * profesión de soldado = soldiering.
    * profesión de vocación social = caring profession.
    * profesiones de bibliotecario y de documentalista, las = information professions, the.
    * profesión, la = trade, the.
    * profesión liberal = liberal profession.
    * profesión médica, la = medical profession, the.
    * profesión sanitaria = healing professions, medical profession, health profession.
    * riesgo de la profesión = occupational hazard.
    * * *
    1) ( ocupación) profession

    profesión — ( en formularios) occupation

    2) (Relig) profession
    * * *
    la profesión
    = trade, the

    Ex: The system was working well enough by the 1780s for the trade to be alarmed by the pricecutting of James Lackington.

    = career, line of business, profession, occupational group, pursuit in life, occupation.

    Ex: She began her career at Central Missouri State University where she was Head of the Documents Depository.

    Ex: The computer people are muscling in on our line of business and we can't stop them.
    Ex: Scientists, engineers and other subject specialists in other professions may be employed together with information scientists as full-time abstractors.
    Ex: Over the past 10 years, role conflict, role ambiguity, role clarity and job satisfaction have been given increased attention in the study of organisational behaviour for a number of occupational groups.
    Ex: People who are blind, regardless of their pursuit in life, will not have access to current information, books, learning, or education opportunities unless all libraries and blindness organizations agree to work together.
    Ex: Headings such as SALESMEN AND SALESMANSHIP and FIREMEN, since they are assigned to works covering the activities of both men and women in these occupations, are not specific.
    * actuar en defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * compañero de profesión = colleague.
    * defensa de la profesión = advocacy.
    * dentro de la misma profesión = intraoccupational.
    * desempeñar una profesión = practise + profession.
    * ejercer una profesión = practise + profession.
    * entre la profesión = intra-professional.
    * entre profesiones = cross-occupational.
    * herramienta de la profesión = tool of the trade.
    * profesión de archivero, la = archival profession, the.
    * profesión de bibliotecario = library profession.
    * profesión de bibliotecario y de documentalista, la = library and information services profession, the.
    * profesión dedicada al servicio de otros = service profession, helping profession.
    * profesión dedicada a prestar un servicio a la población = service profession.
    * profesión de documentalista, la = information profession, the.
    * profesión del bibliotecario y documentalista, la = library and information profession, the.
    * profesión de soldado = soldiering.
    * profesión de vocación social = caring profession.
    * profesiones de bibliotecario y de documentalista, las = information professions, the.
    * profesión, la = trade, the.
    * profesión liberal = liberal profession.
    * profesión médica, la = medical profession, the.
    * profesión sanitaria = healing professions, medical profession, health profession.
    * riesgo de la profesión = occupational hazard.

    * * *
    A (ocupación) profession
    es carpintero de profesión he's a carpenter by trade
    era abogada de profesión she was a lawyer by profession
    una profesión que atrae a muchos jóvenes a profession o a career which attracts many young people
    Roberto Ruiz, de profesión arquitecto Roberto Ruiz, an architect by profession
    [ S ] profesión (en formularios) occupation
    Compuesto:
    profession
    B ( Relig) profession
    Compuesto:
    profession of faith
    * * *

     

    profesión sustantivo femenino ( ocupación) profession;
    ( en formularios) occupation;

    profesión sustantivo femenino profession, occupation

    ' profesión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    A
    - carrera
    - contador
    - dedicarse
    - ejercer
    - ejercicio
    - fotografía
    - gremio
    - oficio
    - practicar
    - virtuosa
    - virtuoso
    - absorbente
    - cima
    - colega
    - contabilidad
    - decano
    - dedicar
    - enamorado
    - escribanía
    - hacer
    - hotelería
    - jerga
    - notaría
    - práctica
    - revista
    English:
    A
    - acting
    - ban
    - bar
    - be
    - body
    - brain
    - career
    - credit
    - flying
    - law
    - nursing
    - occupation
    - practice
    - practise
    - profession
    - pulpit
    - pursue
    - pursuit
    - qualify
    - stage
    - top
    - walk
    - writing
    - malpractice
    - occupational
    - regard
    - strike
    - work
    * * *
    1. [empleo, ocupación] profession;
    [en formularios] occupation;
    de profesión by profession;
    ser de la profesión to be in the same profession
    profesión liberal liberal profession
    2. [declaración] declaration, avowal
    Rel profesión de fe profession o declaration of faith
    * * *
    f profession;
    la profesión más antigua del mundo the oldest profession in the world
    * * *
    profesión nf, pl - siones : profession
    * * *
    profesión n profession / occupation

    Spanish-English dictionary > profesión

  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 ar-sa حملة الأسهم

    "An organizational work model that emphasizes the use of small, cohesive teams of role specialists who communicate on an equal basis in the accomplishment of their individual and group tasks. This work model contrasts to that of the traditional top-down, linear-structure work model, and has been functionally proven in a variety of different organizations, cultures, and project sizes."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > ar-sa حملة الأسهم

  • 14 team of peers

    "An organizational work model that emphasizes the use of small, cohesive teams of role specialists who communicate on an equal basis in the accomplishment of their individual and group tasks. This work model contrasts to that of the traditional top-down, linear-structure work model, and has been functionally proven in a variety of different organizations, cultures, and project sizes."

    English-Arabic terms dictionary > team of peers

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